纳米纤维素,一种由纤维素纤维制成的多功能和可持续的纳米材料,由于其独特的性能,在各个领域引起了相当大的关注。类似于膳食纤维,纳米纤维素在人体胃肠道中难以消化。不易消化的纳米纤维素由肠道微生物群发酵,在肠道疾病中产生代谢产物并可能表现出益生元活性。此外,纳米纤维素可以作为益生菌保护的基质材料,并显示出益生菌递送的前景。在这次审查中,我们总结了纳米纤维素的分类,包括纤维素纳米晶体(CNC),纤维素纳米纤维(CNF),和细菌纳米纤维素(BNC),突出其鲜明的特点和应用。我们讨论了纳米纤维素从口服摄入到结肠发酵的代谢相关特征,并介绍了纳米纤维素在肠道疾病中的益生元活性。此外,我们概述了常用的基于纳米纤维素的封装技术,如乳化,挤压,冷冻干燥,和喷雾干燥,以及采用纳米纤维素基质材料的递送系统,包括微胶囊,乳液,和水凝胶。最后,我们讨论了与纳米纤维素代谢相关的挑战,益生元功能,封装技术,和使用纳米纤维素基质材料用于益生菌的递送系统。这篇综述将为纳米纤维素在肠道疾病治疗和益生菌递送中的应用提供新的见解。
Nanocellulose, a versatile and sustainable nanomaterial derived from cellulose fibers, has attracted considerable attention in various fields due to its unique properties. Similar to dietary fibers, nanocellulose is difficult to digest in the human gastrointestinal tract. The indigestible nanocellulose is fermented by gut microbiota, producing metabolites and potentially exhibiting prebiotic activity in intestinal diseases. Additionally, nanocellulose can serve as a matrix material for probiotic protection and show promising prospects for probiotic delivery. In this review, we summarize the classification of nanocellulose, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), highlighting their distinct characteristics and applications. We discuss the metabolism-related characteristics of nanocellulose from oral ingestion to colon fermentation and introduce the prebiotic activity of nanocellulose in intestinal diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of commonly used nanocellulose-based encapsulation techniques, such as emulsification, extrusion, freeze drying, and spray drying, as well as the delivery systems employing nanocellulose matrix materials, including microcapsules, emulsions, and hydrogels. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with nanocellulose metabolism, prebiotic functionality, encapsulation techniques, and delivery systems using nanocellulose matrix material for probiotics. This review will provide new insight into the application of nanocellulose in the treatment of intestinal diseases and probiotic delivery.