BACKGROUND: There is insufficient replicated data to establish a relationship between the polymorphisms of SLC6A2 and CYP2D6 and the treatment responses of atomoxetine (ATX) in ADHD. We focused on evaluating the effect of top-line single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLC6A2 and CYP2D6 on the ATX treatment response in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
METHODS: Of 160 patient records, 34 patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated to determine the relationship between genotypes of ten SNPs (six of SLC6A2 and four of CYP2D6) and ATX treatment response. Additionally, the connection between SNPs of CYP2D6 and the severity of side effects associated with ATX was analyzed in 37 patients, including the 34 study patients, and three patients discontinued because of ATX-dependent side effects.
RESULTS: All six polymorphisms we studied in SLC6A2 were associated with the treatment response of ATX. Clinical improvement in oppositional defiant disorder symptoms of patients with ADHD was only observed in carriers of the homozygous \"C\" allele of rs3785143 (podd = 0.026). We detected an association between higher CGI-side-effect severity scores and the \"TT\" genotype of rs1065852 polymorphism in CYP2D6 (p = 0.043).
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that genotypes of polymorphisms within the SLC6A2 and CYP2D6 may play an influential role in treatment response or the severity of side effects associated with ATX in ADHD patients.

UNASSIGNED: Central coherence is the normal tendency to process and give meaning to incoming information taking into account the context or global view of that information.
UNASSIGNED: We assessed the central coherence of 252 school children of normal intelligence between 6 and 11 years old. We compared the performance of two groups: (a) a control group (n = 194), and (b) a clinical group (n = 58) comprising children with NVLD+ADHD (n = 24), ADHD alone (n = 16), SCD (n = 8) and level-1ASD (n = 10) (Kluskall-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U were calculated to make comparisons within groups and between pairs of groups). The effects of medication were studied (Student\'s t test).
UNASSIGNED: The NVLD+ADHD, SCD and ASD1 groups showed weak central coherence. The performance of the ADHD group was normal and differed significantly from the NVLD+ADHD group.
UNASSIGNED: Central coherence deficit was not exclusive to ASD1: it also characterizes NVLD and SCD.

Objective: This study aims to clarify the incidence rate of temporomandibular joint disease in patients with mental disorders. Methods: Data extracted from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and FinnGen databases employed the Mendelian Randomization (MR) method to assess the associations of three neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs)-Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and Tourette\'s Disorder (TD)-as exposure factors with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD). The analysis used a two-sample MR design, employing the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method to evaluate the relationships between these disorders and Temporomandibular Disorder. Sensitivity analysis and heterogeneity assessments were conducted. Potential confounding factors like low birth weight, childhood obesity, and body mass index were controlled for. Results: The study found that ADHD significantly increased the risks for TMD (OR = 1.2342, 95%CI (1.1448-1.3307), p < 0.00001), TMD (including avohilmo) (OR = 1.1244, 95%CI (1.0643-1.1880), p = 0.00003), TMD-related pain (OR = 1.1590, 95%CI (1.0964-1.2252), p < 0.00001), and TMD-related muscular pain associated with fibromyalgia (OR = 1.1815, 95%CI (1.1133-1.2538), p < 0.00001), while other disorders did not show significant causal relationships. Conclusion: This study reveals the elevated risk of various TMD aspects due to ADHD. Furthermore, we discuss the link between low vitamin D levels ADHD and TMD. Future research should address these limitations and delve further into the complex interactions between ADHD, ASD, TD, and TMD.

UNASSIGNED: This document is a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of cognitive training interventions on attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from the inception of each database to April 28, 2022. Data were analyzed using Stata 15 software. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using five domains from the Cochrane Collaborations tool.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 10 studies with 446 children with ADHD were included. The results showed that cognitive training was effective in improving attention symptoms [SMD= -0.78 (95% CI: -1.46, -0.1)] and executive function [SMD = -0.3 (95% CI: -0.56, -0.05)] in children with ADHD compared to controls. No significant difference in the degree of improvement in hyperactivity/impulsivity with cognitive training compared to the control group [SMD = -0.65 (95% CI: -1.35, 0.05)]. In addition, subgroup analyses also found that cognitive training significantly improved attention in children with ADHD <10 years of age [SMD = -1.3 (95% CI: -2.58, -0.02)] and children with ADHD with length of training >30 days [SMD = -0.94 (95% CI: -1.81, -0.07)] compared to controls.
UNASSIGNED: This meta-analysis found that the beneficial effects of cognitive training on attention (particularly for children with ADHD <10 years old and >30 days of training) and executive function in children with ADHD, but not on hyperactivity/impulsivity.

This study aims to examine auditory processing, P300 values and functional impairment levels among children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), ADHD+SLD and healthy controls. Children with ADHD (n = 17), SLD (n = 15), ADHD+SLD (n = 15), and healthy controls (n = 15) between the ages of 7-12 were evaluated with K-SADS, Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale, Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale, The Mathematics, Reading, Writing Assessment Scale and Children\'s Auditory Performance Scale (CHAPS). Auditory P300 event-related potentials and Spectral-Temporally Modulated Ripple Test (SMRT) were applied. Three patient groups were found to be riskier than healthy controls according to the CHAPS. There was no significant difference between the groups in the SMRT. In post-hoc analyses of P300 parietal amplitudes, ADHD, SLD, and ADHD+SLD were found to be significantly lower than the control group. The amplitudes of the ADHD+SLD were by far the lowest. It has been shown that auditory performance skills and p300 amplitudes are lower in children diagnosed with only ADHD or SLD compared to the control group, with the lowest values observed in ADHD+SLD. This study suggests that the difficulties with attention and cognitive functions in the ADHD+SLD are more severe than ADHD and/or SLD without comorbidity.

UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the prevalence of celiac among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients is higher than among the normal population.
UNASSIGNED: The present study was a prospective one investigating ADHD children referred to the Neurology Clinic and Pediatric Ward at Amir Al-Momenin Hospital of Zabol (Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran) in 2019 after their parents\' signing of a consent form. All patients underwent Biocard™ Celiac and serology tests. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21 software.
UNASSIGNED: Of all 76 ADHD children undergoing a serum IgA antibodies concentration test, 58 (76%) were male and 18 (23.7%) were female. The mean age of the children was 6.9 ± 2.4, ranging from 2 years to 12 years. The diagnosis of IgA immunodeficiency was rejected for all children based on total serum IgA antibody results. The overall mean anti-tissue transglutaminase (TTG) level was 6.8 ± 5.3 U/ml, ranging from 0.2 to 37 U/ml. There was no significant difference regarding TTG levels between boys and girls (5.1 vs. 6.0) U/ml. Based on the anti-TTG level results, no celiac case was found among the ADHD patients.
UNASSIGNED: There is as yet no evidence suggesting a link between celiac disease and ADHD. Thus, routine celiac disease screening when evaluating for ADHD (and is not recommended). However, the possibility of untreated celiac disease predisposing an individual to ADHD-like behaviors should be considered. Hence, physicians are recommended to evaluate a broad range of physical symptoms, in addition to typical neuropsychiatric symptoms, when evaluating ADHD patients.

UNASSIGNED: Sensory Processing Dysfunction (SPD) is common yet understudied, affecting up to one in six children with 40% experiencing co-occurring challenges with attention. The neural architecture of SPD with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (SPD+ADHD) versus SPD without ADHD (SPD-ADHD) has yet to be explored in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) has yet to be examined.
UNASSIGNED: The present study computed DTI and NODDI biophysical model parameter maps of one hundred children with SPD. Global, regional and voxel-level white matter tract measures were analyzed and compared between SPD+ADHD and SPD-ADHD groups.
UNASSIGNED: SPD+ADHD children had global WM Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Neurite Density Index (NDI) that trended lower than SPD-ADHD children, primarily in boys only. Data-driven voxelwise and WM tract-based analysis revealed statistically significant decreases of NDI in boys with SPD+ADHD compared to those with SPD-ADHD, primarily in projection tracts of the internal capsule and commissural fibers of the splenium of the corpus callosum.
UNASSIGNED: We conclude that WM microstructure is more delayed/disrupted in boys with SPD+ADHD compared to SPD-ADHD, with NODDI showing a larger effect than DTI. This may represent the combined WM pathology of SPD and ADHD, or it may result from a greater degree of SPD WM pathology causing the development of ADHD.

UNASSIGNED: Investigation on the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and primary reflexes is in the initial stage, with considerable differences in the findings. This study evaluated the association between ADHD and primitive reflexes using systematic review and meta-analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Data were obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, American Psychological Association Psyclnfo, and Education Resources Information Center), Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest. Articles were searched from the date of inception of the respective databases to January 01, 2023, and StataCorp Stata (version 15) was used for the analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Four articles with 229 samples were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed a significant positive and moderate correlation between ADHD and primitive reflexes, particularly asymmetric tonic neck reflex: summary r value = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.27-0.64; symmetric tonic neck reflex: summary r value = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.25-0.52. Overall, findings from the sub-group analysis indicate that the behavioral problem measuring tool (Conners\' scale), sex, and primitive reflex test could significantly moderate the relationships between ADHD and ATNR and STNR primitive reflexes.
UNASSIGNED: ADHD symptoms in children are closely related to the non-integration of (a)symmetric tonic neck primitive reflexes. Longitudinal or experimental studies should be conducted to reveal the causal relationship between ADHD and primitive reflexes in the future.

To describe the process of collaborative, contextualised development and implementation of a model of care for adults with symptoms suggestive of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in an Aboriginal community-controlled health service.
The current article describes an attempt to reduce unmet mental health needs through a systemic approach within a well-established Indigenous community-controlled organisation.

UNASSIGNED: Long-term medication use is a recommended treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, discontinuation is common. Non-medical factors which might influence initiation and discontinuation are understudied. Therefore, we investigated how different sociodemographic factors and comorbidities were associated with the initiation and discontinuation of ADHD medication use among young adults.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study using individually linked administrative register data, in which we included all individuals residing in Sweden, between the age of 19 and 29 who were first diagnosed with ADHD between January 2006 and December 2016 (n = 59224). ADHD medication initiation was defined as the first prescription of ADHD medication in the period from 3 months before to 6 months after the cohort entry date. Those who initiated ADHD medication were followed up for medication use until discontinuation, death/emigration, or until 2019. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to investigate the associations between sociodemographics, health-related predictors and initiation, as well as discontinuation. Overall, 48.7% of the 41399 individuals initiated ADHD medication, most often methylphenidate (87%). Among the initiators, 15462 (77%) discontinued medication use during the follow-up (median time: 150 days). After mutually adjusting all other predictors, initiation was positively associated with older age, male sex, higher level of education, and negatively associated with living at home with parents, immigrant status, being unemployed during the year before inclusion, being on disability pension, having autism, substance use, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, other mental disability/developmental disorders, cardiovascular diseases or previous accidents. Discontinuation was positively associated with being born abroad, living in big cities, being unemployed during the year before inclusion, having cancer, and negatively associated with a higher educational level, having depression, anxiety or stress-related disorder, autism spectrum disorder or diabetes.
UNASSIGNED: Besides medical factors, sociodemographics, such as educational attainment and immigrant status might also play a role in the initiation and discontinuation of ADHD medication use among young adults newly diagnosed with ADHD.