OBJECTIVE: A highly sensitive and specific point-of-care method for diagnosing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is currently lacking. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of a rapid, easy-to-use, mid-infrared fiber evanescent wave spectroscopy (MIR-FEWS) method for ruling out SBP.
METHODS: Cirrhotic patients (n = 256) at five centers in France were included for suspected SBP or for the scheduled evacuation of ascites fluid. The mid-infrared spectrum of 7 µL of an ascites fluid sample was recorded using a MIR-FEWS system. To define a model for the diagnosis of SBP, the patients were divided into a calibration group (n = 170) and a validation group (n = 86).
RESULTS: Most of the patients were male (71%). The mean age was 60.25 years. Alcohol-related liver disease was the most common cause of cirrhosis. SBP was observed in 18% of the patients. For the diagnosis of SBP in the calibration and validation groups, respectively, the model gave areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.87 and 0.89, sensitivities of 90% and 87%, specificities of 78% and 80%, positive predictive values of 48% and 50%, negative predictive values of 97% and 96%, positive likelihood ratio of 4.09 and 4.35, negative likelihood ratio of 0.13 and 0.16, Youden index of 0.68 and 0.67, and correct classification rates of 80% and 81%.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this proof-of-concept study show that MIR-FEWS is a highly sensitive diagnostic method for ruling out SBP. The method warrants further investigation.

UNASSIGNED: Intra-abdominal adhesions (IAAs) are secondary to peritoneal injuries such as previous surgery or intra-abdominal infections (IAIs). Accordingly, it is crucial to employ fitting techniques to minimize the likelihood of adhesions in any surgery. Due to a paucity of similar data available, this study sought to explore the effects of induced high serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) and low serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) on the rate of post-operative microscopic and macroscopic adhesion in a mouse model.
UNASSIGNED: Sixty mice were compared in six groups of ten each. Control groups (1 &4) received normal saline, groups 2&5 received high SAAG ascites fluid, and groups 3&6 received low SAAG ascites fluid intraperitoneally. These groups underwent exploratory laparotomy on day zero, followed by the same procedure on the 10th (groups 1,2,3) and the 30th (Groups 4,5,6) day of surgery. Then, microscopic and macroscopic IAAs were evaluated. Data were analyzed in SPSS software and compared with a p-value less than 0.05.
UNASSIGNED: By comparison, the least microscopic and macroscopic IAAs after 10 and 30 days were found in the low SAAG ascites group. Revealing a statistically significant difference compared to the other two groups (P = 0.01). After 10 days of surgery, macroscopic IAA in the high SAAG group was significantly lower compared to the control and Low SAAG ascites groups.
UNASSIGNED: Intraabdominal low SAAG ascites fluid can significantly decrease the probability of postoperative fibrosis and adhesion band formation.
UNASSIGNED: IR. BUMS.REC.1399.503.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is considered the deadliest gynecological disease and is normally diagnosed at late stages, at which point metastasis has already occurred. Throughout disease progression, EOC will encounter various ecosystems and the communication between cancer cells and these microenvironments will promote the survival and dissemination of EOC. The primary tumor is thought to develop within the ovaries or the fallopian tubes, both of which provide a microenvironment with high risk of causing DNA damage and enhanced proliferation. EOC disseminates by direct extension from the primary tumors, as single cells or multicellular aggregates. Under the influence of cellular and non-cellular factors, EOC spheroids use the natural flow of peritoneal fluid to reach distant organs within the peritoneal cavity. These cells can then implant and seed distant organs or tissues, which develop rapidly into secondary tumor nodules. The peritoneal tissue and the omentum are two common sites of EOC metastasis, providing a microenvironment that supports EOC invasion and survival. Current treatment for EOC involves debulking surgery followed by platinum-taxane combination chemotherapy; however, most patients will relapse with a chemoresistant disease with tumors developed within the peritoneum. Therefore, understanding the role of the unique microenvironments that promote EOC transcoelomic dissemination is important in improving patient outcomes from this disease. In this review article, we address the process of ovarian cancer cellular fate at the site of its origin in the secretory cells of the fallopian tube or in the ovarian surface epithelial cells, their detachment process, how the cells survive in the peritoneal fluid avoiding cell death triggers, and how cancer- associated cells help them in the process. Finally, we report the mechanisms used by the ovarian cancer cells to adhere and migrate through the mesothelial monolayer lining the peritoneum. We also discuss the involvement of the transcoelomic ecosystem on the development of chemoresistance of EOC.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is lethal. There is a dire need for better therapeutic targets. Cancer cells have increased demand for sugars, amino acids, and lipids and therefore up-regulate various nutrient transporters to meet this demand. In PDAC, SLC6A14 (an amino acid transporter (AAT)) is up-regulated, affecting overall patient survival. Previously we have shown using in vitro cell culture models and in vivo xenograft mouse models that pharmacological inhibition of SLC6A14 with α-methyl-l-tryptophan (α-MLT) attenuates PDAC growth. Mechanistically, blockade of SLC6A14-mediated amino acid transport with α-MLT leads to amino acid deprivation, eventually inhibiting mTORC1 signaling pathway, in tumor cells. Here, we report on the effect of Slc6a14 deletion on various parameters of PDAC in KPC mice, a model for spontaneous PDAC. Pancreatic tumors in KPC mice show evidence of Slc6a14 up-regulation. Deletion of Slc6a14 in this mouse attenuates PDAC growth, decreases the metastatic spread of the tumor, reduces ascites fluid accumulation, and improves overall survival. At the molecular level, we show lower proliferation index and reduced desmoplastic reaction following Slc6a14 deletion. Furthermore, we find that deletion of Slc6a14 does not lead to compensatory up-regulation in any of the other amino transporters. In fact, some of the AATs are actually down-regulated in response to Slc6a14 deletion, most likely related to altered mTORC1 signaling. Taken together, these results underscore the positive role SLC6A14 plays in PDAC growth and metastasis. Therefore, SLC6A14 is a viable drug target for the treatment of PDAC and also for any other cancer that overexpresses this transporter.

BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal adhesions are typically found after the most surgical procedures. Normally, most adhesions are asymptomatic; however, few individuals experience postoperative adhesion-related problems such as small bowel obstruction, pelvic pain, infertility, or other complications. We aimed to evaluate the preventive effect of the ascites fluid for postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rat models.
METHODS: This experimental trial was conducted in Sixty Syrian male rat randomly assigned to six groups of 10 animals each as follows: control (group 1&4); normal saline (group 2&5): 2 mL of normal saline was poured into the peritoneal cavity; and case (group 3&6): 2 mL ascites fluid was poured into the peritoneal cavity. All animals in the six groups underwent laparotomy and measurable serosal injury were created with a standard technique. 10 and 30 days after initial surgery, the rats underwent another laparotomy in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5, 6, respectively to assess macroscopic and microscopic adhesions, which were scored by an examiner who was blind to the animals̕ group assignment. Data analyzed by SPSS version 18, using the kruskal Wallis and Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U tests. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.
RESULTS: The mean scores of both microscopic and macroscopic adhesion were significantly different between all the groups (P < 0.05). Total macroscopic and microscopic adhesion scores were significantly lower in the ascites fluid treatment than in the control (P = 0.0001) or the normal saline (P < 0.001) group. There was no significant difference between adhesion intensity 10 and 30 days after laparotomy (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Ascites fluid can decrease the possibility of post-operative intraperitoneal adhesion formation.

Analysis of N-glycans released enzymatically from patients\' sera or other clinical samples may provide diagnostically and prognostically important information on human disease. Permethylation of these biomolecules simultaneously increases their hydrophobicity and substantially improves their detection parameters in the following mass spectrometric analyses. The overall procedure, from the glycan cleavage to the final mass spectrometric determinations, includes several steps involving extraction, derivatization, and purification. During these steps, certain polymeric contaminants that may have been coincidentally introduced could hamper the final measurements. To understand and counter these interferences and further fractionate or preconcentrate these glycans, we introduce here an effective microgradient chromatographic technique that employs a small reversed-phase microcolumn connected to a gas-tight microsyringe delivering a mobile-phase gradient. After loading the glycan fraction onto the microcolumn, three elution steps are recommended: (1) remove polar contaminants; (2) recover permethylated glycans for either liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry; and (3) remove larger polymeric contaminants and regenerate the precolumn. We further demonstrate that the trapped second fraction can be beneficially preconcentrated and further separated to achieve matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric detection of the derivatized N-glycans up to 6300 Da. The enhanced detection capabilities for tetra-antennary N-glycans are of increasing interest in disease biomarker discovery.

Treatment of disseminated epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is an unmet medical need. Therefore, the identification along with preclinical and clinical validation of new targets is an issue of high importance. In this review we focus on microRNAs that mediate metastasis of EOC. We summarize up-regulated metastasis-promoting and down-regulated metastasis-suppressing microRNAs. We focus on preclinical in vitro and in vivo functions as well as their metastasis-related clinical correlations. Finally, we outline modalities for therapeutic intervention and critical issues of microRNA-based therapeutics in the context of metastatic EOC.

Teratoma tumors are tumors of childhood and, to the best of our knowledge, only 9 cases of hepatic teratoma and 1 case of immature teratoma of the liver had been reported in adults in the English literature. We present the second case of immature liver teratoma in a 22-year-old woman who presented with a 4-month history of abdominal pain and fullness sensation. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed a huge well-defined heterogeneous mass in the right lobe of the liver containing fat, calcification, and cystic and solid parts, all suggestive of a teratoma. A right hepatectomy and an omentectomy were performed. The pathology report showed a 27 cm mass composed of ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal components with minimal atypia and foci of immature components suggestive of immature teratoma, which is the largest liver teratoma to be reported. The patient was discharged in good health. During 8 months of follow-up, a CT scan and α-fetoprotein levels were both normal, and the patient is still alive.

OBJECTIVE: Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) has been intensively studied in bacteria, plankton, algae and salt-resistant plants to investigate its metabolism and fate in the atmosphere. However, its effects on diseased terrestrial animals have not yet been examined. We have found that DMSP exerts a great healing effect for a variety of inflammatory disorders in rodents. In the present study, effects of single and high concentration of DMSP on terrible Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing-mice with unavoidable-rapid death were examined.
RESULTS: We found that high concentration of DMSP completely suppresses acute EAC, which has never been eradicated, and accumulates large amounts of activated macrophages with no inflammation on various viscera in the peritoneal cavity of normal mice.
CONCLUSIONS: These results show that DMSP is a new and potent anticancer compound with no side-effects, most likely playing a vital role for cancer immune therapy.

Angiosarcoma is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor of soft tissue. It can arise in almost any part of the body, most commonly in the skin and the superficial soft tissue in the head and neck region. Although the etiology of angiosarcoma is unknown, there are several well-known risk factors, such as chronic lymphedema, exposure to radiation, toxins, and foreign bodies. It rarely occurs in transplant patients. Cytological criteria for the diagnosis of angiosarcoma have not been fully established, having been described only in a few cases, mostly fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB). Herein, we present a case of angiosarcoma arising in an immunosuppressed patient status post multi-visceral transplantation and diagnosed by cytology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such a case in the English literature. The cytological findings from endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNAB and ascites fluid are discussed.