每年,大量的锑(Sb)从自然和人为来源进入环境,如采矿,冶炼,工业运营,矿石加工,车辆排放,射击活动,和燃煤发电厂。人类,植物,动物,和水生生物通过直接消耗或间接暴露于环境中的Sb而大量暴露于危险的Sb或锑。这篇综述总结了当前关于Sb全球发生的知识,它的命运,分布,物种形成,相关的健康危害,和先进的生物炭复合材料研究用于修复受Sb污染的土壤,以降低土壤中Sb的生物有效性和毒性。土壤中的阴离子金属(类)如Sb被原始生物炭及其复合材料显着固定,降低其生物利用度。然而,需要全面审查生物炭基复合材料对土壤Sb修复的影响。因此,当前的综述集中在(1)Sb全球发生的基本方面,全球土壤Sb污染,它在土壤中的转化,和相关的健康危害,(2)不同生物炭基复合材料在固定土壤中Sb以增加生物炭对Sb去污的适用性中的作用。审查有助于发展先进的,高效,通过评估新的材料和技术以及通过对Sb污染土壤的可持续管理,以及用于Sb修复的有效工程生物炭复合材料,最终降低其环境和健康风险。
Every year, a significant amount of antimony (Sb) enters the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources like mining, smelting, industrial operations, ore processing, vehicle emissions, shooting activities, and coal power plants. Humans, plants, animals, and aquatic life are heavily exposed to hazardous Sb or antimonide by either direct consumption or indirect exposure to Sb in the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge about Sb global occurrence, its fate, distribution, speciation, associated health hazards, and advanced biochar composites studies used for the remediation of soil contaminated with Sb to lessen Sb bioavailability and toxicity in soil. Anionic metal(loid) like Sb in the soil is significantly immobilized by pristine biochar and its composites, reducing their bioavailability. However, a comprehensive review of the impacts of biochar-based composites on soil Sb remediation is needed. Therefore, the current review focuses on (1) the fundamental aspects of Sb global occurrence, global soil Sb contamination, its transformation in soil, and associated health hazards, (2) the role of different biochar-based composites in the immobilization of Sb from soil to increase biochar applicability toward Sb decontamination. The review aids in developing advanced, efficient, and effective engineered biochar composites for Sb remediation by evaluating novel materials and techniques and through sustainable management of Sb-contaminated soil, ultimately reducing its environmental and health risks.