子宫内膜癌(EC)是最常见的妇科癌症之一。近年来,研究集中在肿瘤的遗传特征上,以详细说明其预后和定制治疗。在EC的情况下,基因突变已被证明是其形成的基础。了解与雌激素引起的突变相关的EC形成机制非常重要。除其他外。非编码RNA(ncRNAs),由蛋白质编码能力非常低的核苷酸转录本组成,被证明是重要的。它们在许多恶性肿瘤中的表达模式可抑制肿瘤的形成和进展。它们还在表观遗传学上调节蛋白质编码,转录,和转录后水平。microRNAs(miRNAs),其中几种与正常子宫内膜及其肿瘤有关,在基因表达中也起着特别重要的作用。MiRNAs和长链非编码RNAs(lncRNAs)影响EC组织中的许多通路,并在癌症发展中起重要作用。入侵,和转移,以及通过抑制凋亡和癌症干细胞进展等机制对抗癌药物的抗性。值得注意的是miRNAs是高度精确的,敏感,和强大的,使它们成为诊断妇科癌症及其进展的潜在标志物。不幸的是,随着EC发病率的增加,治疗变得具有挑战性,并且仅限于侵入性工具。在EC中使用microRNA作为诊断和治疗用途的潜在候选者的前景似乎很有希望。外泌体是从许多类型的细胞释放的细胞外囊泡,包括癌细胞.它们含有蛋白质,DNA,和各种类型的RNA,如miRNA。外来体的非编码RNA成分差异很大,取决于肿瘤组织的生理学和它们起源的细胞。外泌体含有DNA和RNA,并具有细胞之间的通讯功能。外泌体miRNA介导EC细胞之间的通讯,肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(CAFs),肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs)在肿瘤细胞增殖和肿瘤微环境形成中起关键作用。肿瘤外泌体携带的癌基因诱导靶细胞恶性转化。在外泌体的合成过程中,各种因素,如遗传和蛋白质组数据被上调。因此,通过分析外泌体中包含的生物标志物,它们被认为是子宫内膜癌诊断和预后的一个有趣的治疗靶点。miRNA的表达,特别是miR-15a-5p,来自EC患者血浆的外泌体升高。这可能表明该生物标志物在EC诊断中的重要用途。近年来,研究人员对EC的预后标志物感兴趣,因为确定的标记物仍然太少,无法支持子宫内膜癌的有限治疗。对ncRNAs和外泌体对EC的影响的进一步研究可能允许癌症治疗突破。
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecologic cancers. In recent years, research has focused on the genetic characteristics of the tumors to detail their prognosis and tailor therapy. In the case of EC, genetic mutations have been shown to underlie their formation. It is very important to know the mechanisms of EC formation related to mutations induced by estrogen, among other things. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), composed of nucleotide transcripts with very low protein-coding capacity, are proving to be important. Their expression patterns in many malignancies can inhibit tumor formation and progression. They also regulate protein coding at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), several varieties of which are associated with normal endometrium as well as its tumor, also play a particularly important role in gene expression. MiRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect many pathways in EC tissues and play important roles in cancer development, invasion, and metastasis, as well as resistance to anticancer drugs through mechanisms such as suppression of apoptosis and progression of cancer stem cells. It is also worth noting that miRNAs are highly precise, sensitive, and robust, making them potential markers for diagnosing gynecologic cancers and their progression. Unfortunately, as the incidence of EC increases, treatment becomes challenging and is limited to invasive tools. The prospect of using microRNAs as potential candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic use in EC seems promising. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released from many types of cells, including cancer cells. They contain proteins, DNA, and various types of RNA, such as miRNAs. The noncoding RNA components of exosomes vary widely, depending on the physiology of the tumor tissue and the cells from which they originate. Exosomes contain both DNA and RNA and have communication functions between cells. Exosomal miRNAs mediate communication between EC cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and play a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor microenvironment formation. Oncogenes carried by tumor exosomes induce malignant transformation of target cells. During the synthesis of exosomes, various factors, such as genetic and proteomic data are upregulated. Thus, they are considered an interesting therapeutic target for the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial cancer by analyzing biomarkers contained in exosomes. Expression of miRNAs, particularly miR-15a-5p, was elevated in exosomes derived from the plasma of EC patients. This may suggest the important utility of this biomarker in the diagnosis of EC. In recent years, researchers have become interested in the topic of prognostic markers for EC, as there are still too few identified markers to support the limited treatment of endometrial cancer. Further research into the effects of ncRNAs and exosomes on EC may allow for cancer treatment breakthroughs.