进行了审查,以确定最常见的酸中毒病原体,用于鉴定病原体的方法,总结感染源,和患者人口统计学。共762件(409条,包括所有语言)是在1965年至2022年之间发现的。年龄范围为7个月至85岁。在34个国家中,Japan,西班牙,而韩国则以最多的已发表的人类念珠菌病病例脱颖而出,分别。这就提出了一个问题:为什么在其他国家很少甚至没有关于anisakidosis病例的报告,比如印度尼西亚和越南,海鲜消费量特别高的地方?除了胃肠道,寄生虫经常在肝脏等内脏器官中发现,脾,脾胰腺,肺,裂孔和上腹部疝,和扁桃体。也有报告说蠕虫通过鼻子排泄,直肠,和嘴。症状包括喉咙痛,肿瘤,出血,胃/上腹部/腹部/胸骨后/下背部/睾丸疼痛,恶心,厌食症,呕吐,腹泻,便秘,肠梗阻,肠套叠,粪便中的血,便血,贫血,和呼吸停止。这些在食用生/未煮熟的海鲜后立即出现或长达2个月,并持续长达10年。异位症通常模仿癌症的症状,胰腺炎,I/II型Kounis综合征,肠套叠,克罗恩病,卵巢囊肿,肠道子宫内膜异位症,上胃痛,胃炎,胃食管反流病,疝气,肠梗阻,腹膜炎,和阑尾炎.在这些情况下,只有在手术后才发现这些症状/病症是由anisakids引起的。据报道,不仅主要是海洋,而且还有淡水鱼/贝类是感染源。有几个报告说感染了>1个线虫(高达>200个),同一个病人身上有一种以上的anisakids,和L4/成虫线虫的存在。症状的严重程度与寄生虫的数量无关。在全球范围内,anisakidosis病例的数量被严重低估。使用错误的分类学术语,假设,并且将寄生虫鉴定为Anisakis(仅基于寄生虫横截面中的Y形侧索)仍然很常见。Y形侧索并不是Anisakisspp独有的。获得摄入生/未煮熟的鱼/海鲜的历史可能是诊断该病的线索。这篇综述强调了以下几个要点:医务人员对鱼寄生虫的认识不足,海鲜管理员,和政策制定者;有效诊断方法的可用性有限;以及全球许多地区用于优化anisakidosis管理的临床信息不足。
A review was conducted to identify the most common causative agents of
anisakidosis, the methods used for identification of the causative agents, and to summarize the sources of infection, and patients\' demographics. A total of 762 cases (409 articles, inclusive of all languages) were found between 1965 and 2022. The age range was 7 months to 85 years old. Out of the 34 countries, Japan, Spain, and South Korea stood out with the highest number of published human cases of
anisakidosis, respectively. This raises the question: Why are there few to no reports of
anisakidosis cases in other countries, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where seafood consumption is notably high? Other than the gastrointestinal tract, parasites were frequently found in internal organs such as liver, spleen, pancreas, lung, hiatal and epigastric hernia, and tonsils. There are also reports of the worm being excreted through the nose, rectum, and mouth. Symptoms included sore throat, tumor, bleeding, gastric/epigastric/abdominal/substernal/lower back/testicular pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, blood in feces, hematochezia, anemia, and respiratory arrest. These appeared either immediately or up to 2 months after consuming raw/undercooked seafood and lasting up to 10 years.
Anisakidosis commonly mimicked symptoms of cancer, pancreatitis, type I/II Kounis syndrome, intussusception, Crohn\'s disease, ovarian cysts, intestinal endometriosis, epigastralgia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, and appendicitis. In these cases, it was only after surgery that it was found these symptoms/conditions were caused by anisakids. A range of not only mainly marine but also freshwater fish/shellfish were reported as source of infection. There were several reports of infection with >1 nematode (up to >200), more than one species of anisakids in the same patient, and the presence of L4/adult nematodes. The severity of symptoms did not relate to the number of parasites. The number of
anisakidosis cases is grossly underestimated globally. Using erroneous taxonomic terms, assumptions, and identifying the parasite as Anisakis (based solely on the Y-shaped lateral cord in crossed section of the parasite) are still common. The Y-shaped lateral cord is not unique to Anisakis spp. Acquiring a history of ingesting raw/undercooked fish/seafood can be a clue to the diagnosis of the condition. This review emphasizes the following key points: insufficient awareness of fish parasites among medical professionals, seafood handlers, and policy makers; limited availability of effective diagnostic methodologies; and inadequate clinical information for optimizing the management of anisakidosis in numerous regions worldwide.