背景:地中海饮食(MedDiet)已证明在预防与年龄相关的认知功能下降和调节内源性大麻素(eCBs)和N-酰基乙醇胺(NAEs,或eCB类化合物),它们是参与多种神经系统疾病和代谢过程的脂质介质。假设eCB和NAE将成为MedDiet干预的生物标志物,并与认知反应有关,我们根据性别和载脂蛋白E(APOE)基因型调查了这种关系,这可能会影响eCB和认知表现。
方法:这是一项102名参与者的前瞻性队列研究(53.9%的女性,18.8%的APOE-º4携带者,年龄65.6±4.5岁)来自PREDIMED-Plus-Cognition亚研究,他们是在医院德尔马研究所(巴塞罗那)招募的。所有患者均表现为代谢综合征加超重/肥胖(PREDIMED-Plus的纳入标准)和基线时的正常认知表现(本子研究的纳入标准)。在基线以及1年和3年后进行了全面的神经心理学测试。eCBs和NAE的血浆浓度,包括2-花生四酰基甘油(2-AG),anandamide(AEA),油酰乙醇胺(OEA),棕榈酰乙醇胺(PEA),和N-二十二碳六酰基乙醇胺(DHEA),也被监控。基线认知,认知变化,根据性别(粗略模型)评估eCBs/NAE与认知之间的关联,性别(调整后的模型),和APOE基因型。
结果:在基线时,男性的执行功能和整体认知能力优于女性(性别差异的影响大小为-0.49,p=0.015;和-0.42,p=0.036);这些差异在性别差异模型中变得不显著.经过3年的MedDiet干预,参与者在记忆和整体认知方面表现出适度的改善.然而,男性比女性的记忆变化更大(科恩d为0.40vs.0.25;p=0.017)。在男性和APOE-ε4携带者中,2-AG浓度与基线认知和认知变化呈负相关,而在女性中,认知变化与DHEA和DHEA/AEA比值的变化呈正相关.在男人中,OEA/AEA和OEA/PEA比值的变化与认知变化呈正相关.
结论:MedDiet改善了参与者的认知能力,但效果很小,并且受女性性别的负面影响。2-AG的变化,DHEA,OEA/AEA,OEA/PEA和DHEA/AEA比值与认知改变呈性别和APOE依赖性相关.这些结果支持内源性大麻素系统的调节作为一种潜在的治疗方法,以防止有风险人群的认知能力下降。
背景:ISRCTN89898870。
BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has demonstrated efficacy in preventing age-related cognitive decline and modulating plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs, or eCB-like compounds), which are lipid mediators involved in multiple neurological disorders and metabolic processes. Hypothesizing that eCBs and NAEs will be biomarkers of a MedDiet intervention and will be related to the cognitive response, we investigated this relationship according to sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, which may affect eCBs and cognitive performance.
METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of 102 participants (53.9% women, 18.8% APOE-ɛ4 carriers, aged 65.6 ± 4.5 years) from the PREDIMED-Plus-Cognition substudy, who were recruited at the Hospital del Mar Research Institute (Barcelona). All of them presented metabolic syndrome plus overweight/obesity (inclusion criteria of the PREDIMED-Plus) and normal cognitive performance at baseline (inclusion criteria of this substudy). A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests was administered at baseline and after 1 and 3 years. Plasma concentrations of eCBs and NAEs, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA), were also monitored. Baseline cognition, cognitive changes, and the association between eCBs/NAEs and cognition were evaluated according to gender (crude models), sex (adjusted models), and APOE genotype.
RESULTS: At baseline, men had better executive function and global cognition than women (the effect size of gender differences was - 0.49, p = 0.015; and - 0.42, p = 0.036); however, these differences became nonsignificant in models of sex differences. After 3 years of MedDiet intervention, participants exhibited modest improvements in memory and global cognition. However, greater memory changes were observed in men than in women (Cohen\'s d of 0.40 vs. 0.25; p = 0.017). In men and APOE-ε4 carriers, 2-AG concentrations were inversely associated with baseline cognition and cognitive changes, while in women, cognitive changes were positively linked to changes in DHEA and the DHEA/AEA ratio. In men, changes in the OEA/AEA and OEA/PEA ratios were positively associated with cognitive changes.
CONCLUSIONS: The MedDiet improved participants\' cognitive performance but the effect size was small and negatively influenced by female sex. Changes in 2-AG, DHEA, the OEA/AEA, the OEA/PEA and the DHEA/AEA ratios were associated with cognitive changes in a sex- and APOE-dependent fashion. These results support the modulation of the endocannabinoid system as a potential therapeutic approach to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk populations.
BACKGROUND: ISRCTN89898870.