背景:水生植物Tourn属。exL.是进一步研究阿皮亚莱斯进化的关键小组,全球约170种。以前的研究主要集中在单独的部分,并提供了有关该属的许多信息,但是它的内部关系仍然令人困惑。此外,其适应性进化的遗传基础仍然知之甚少。为了研究该属的系统发育和进化,我们选择了十个代表性物种,覆盖了三个多样性分布中心中的两个,并表现出丰富的形态多样性。进行了比较质体分析,以阐明水生植物质体的结构特征。实施阳性选择分析以评估属的进化。还对Hydrocotyle和17个相关物种的蛋白质编码序列(CDS)进行了系统发育推断。
结果:Hydrocotyle内的质体结构通常是保守的,基因顺序,和大小。共有14个地区(rps16-trnK,trnQ-rps16,atpI-atpH,trnC-petN-psbM,ycf3-trnS,accD-psaI-ycf4,petA-psbJ,rps12-rpl20,rpl16内含子,rps3-rpl16内含子,rps9-rpl22,ndhF-rpl32,ndhA内含子,和ycf1a)被认为是属内的热点区域,这表明有希望的DNA条形码用于水生植物的全球系统发育分析。ycf15基因被认为是Hydrocotyle物种的蛋白质编码基因,它可以用作DNA条形码来识别Hydrocotyle。在系统发育分析中,三个单系进化枝(进化枝I,II,III)被鉴定为进化枝I内快速辐射物种形成的证据。选择性压力分析检测到六个CDS基因(ycf1b,matK,atpF,accd,水生植物物种的rps14和psbB)处于正选择状态。在属内,最后四个基因是保守的,暗示与阿皮亚莱斯属的独特进化有关。七个基因(atpE,matK,psbH,ycf1a,ycf1b,rpoA,和ycf2)在水生植物属的不同分类单元中被检测到处于一定程度的正选择下,表明它们在物种适应性进化中的作用。
结论:我们的研究为水生植物的系统发育和适应性进化提供了新的见解。质体序列可以显着提高系统发育分辨率,并提供基因组资源和潜在的DNA标记,可用于该属的未来研究。
BACKGROUND: The genus Hydrocotyle Tourn. ex L. is a key group for further study on the evolution of Apiales, comprising around 170 species globally. Previous studies mainly focused on separate sections and provided much information about this genus, but its infrageneric relationships are still confusing. In addition, the genetic basis of its adaptive evolution remains poorly understood. To investigate the phylogeny and evolution of the genus, we selected ten representative species covering two of three diversity distribution centers and exhibiting rich morphology diversity. Comparative plastome analysis was conducted to clarify the structural character of Hydrocotyle plastomes. Positive selection analyses were implemented to assess the evolution of the genus. Phylogenetic inferences with protein-coding sequences (CDS) of Hydrocotyle and 17 related species were also performed.
RESULTS: Plastomes within Hydrocotyle were generally conservative in structure, gene order, and size. A total of 14 regions (rps16-trnK, trnQ-rps16, atpI-atpH, trnC-petN-psbM, ycf3-trnS, accD-psaI-ycf4, petA-psbJ, rps12-rpl20, rpl16 intron, rps3-rpl16 intron, rps9-rpl22, ndhF-rpl32, ndhA intron, and ycf1a) were recognized as hotspot regions within the genus, which suggested to be promising DNA barcodes for global phylogenetic analysis of Hydrocotyle. The ycf15 gene was suggested to be a protein-coding gene for Hydrocotyle species, and it could be used as a DNA barcode to identify Hydrocotyle. In phylogenetic analysis, three monophyletic clades (Clade I, II, III) were identified with evidence of rapid radiation speciation within Clade I. The selective pressure analysis detected that six CDS genes (ycf1b, matK, atpF, accD, rps14, and psbB) of Hydrocotyle species were under positive selection. Within the genus, the last four genes were conservative, suggesting a relation to the unique evolution of the genus in Apiales. Seven genes (atpE, matK, psbH, ycf1a, ycf1b, rpoA, and ycf2) were detected to be under some degree of positive selection in different taxa within the genus Hydrocotyle, indicating their role in the adaptive evolution of species.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study offers new insights into the phylogeny and adaptive evolution of Hydrocotyle. The plastome sequences could significantly enhance phylogenetic resolution and provide genomic resources and potential DNA markers useful for future studies of the genus.