背景：身体活动已被证明对青少年的整体身心健康有益。人们越来越关注青年体育，从娱乐活动转变为精英参与的发射台。已经出现了几种运动员发展模式，以指导适合年龄的专业和非专业运动员，考虑到他们的身心发展。这篇综述的目的是总结有关青年运动员发展的当前证据和理论模型，并讨论更广泛的体育参与举措和该领域的未来方向。
方法：电子数据库搜索，包括PubMed,谷歌学者，ScienceDirect,美国国立卫生研究院,UpToDate,斯普林格被指挥了。包括1993年至2021年的文章。搜索词长期运动员发展，LTAD模型,青少年身体发育，青少年运动员的发展，体育专业化，儿科运动员，其中,被使用。
方法：叙事回顾。
方法：4级和5级。
结果：本文讨论了青年运动员发展的几种模式。最近的模型建立在以前的模型上，以纳入更多特定于年龄和发展的建议；然而，没有一个单一的模型可以被确定为青年运动员发展的黄金标准，特别是考虑到缺乏支持这些模型的经验数据。
结论：青少年运动员发展目前包括几个理论模型，每个人都有自己的优点和缺点，这可以指导年轻运动员的训练，以最大限度地发挥他们的表现。那些参与这个过程的人-医生，运动训练师,教练，体育教育工作者，和父母-应该了解这些不同的模型，并尝试他们的各种功能，看看什么最适合他们的个人运动员，并考虑到他们的发展阶段等因素。最终,需要更多的经验数据来明确说明哪种方法是最佳方法。
BACKGROUND: Physical activity has shown to be beneficial for the overall physical and mental health of youth. There has been an increasing focus on youth sports moving from a recreational activity to becoming a launching pad for participation at elite levels. Several models of athlete development have emerged to guide specialized and nonspecialized athletes at an age-appropriate level, taking into consideration their physical and mental development. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence and theoretical models regarding youth athlete development and discuss broader initiatives for sports participation and future directions for the field.
METHODS: An electronic databases search, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, National Institutes of Health, UpToDate, and Springer was conducted. Articles from 1993 to 2021 were included. The search terms long term athlete development, LTAD model, youth physical development, youth athlete development, sports specialization, and pediatric athlete, among others, were used.
METHODS: Narrative review.
METHODS: Levels 4 and 5.
RESULTS: Several models of youth athlete development are discussed in this article. More recent models have built on previous models to incorporate more age- and development-specific recommendations; however, no singular model could be identified as the gold standard for youth athlete development, especially given the lack of empirical data to support these models.
CONCLUSIONS: Youth athlete development currently consists of several theoretical models, each with their own strengths and weaknesses, that can guide the training of young athletes to maximize their performance. Those involved in this process-physicians, athletic trainers, coaches, physical educators, and parents-should understand these various models and trial their various features to see what works best for their individual athlete with consideration given to factors such as their stage of development. Ultimately, more empirical data are required to definitively state which is the optimal approach.
PDF(Pubmed)