UNASSIGNED: Many young adults living with chronic illness fear being perceived as different by their peers and excluded from social activities. This forces them to consider whether to disclose or conceal their illness. This article analyses young adults\' disclosure strategies and links them to peers\' understanding of illness.
UNASSIGNED: The explorative study is based on episodic interviews with sixty young adults living with chronic illnesses (type 1 diabetes, cancer, chronic inflammatory bowel disease or a rare disease) and thirty peers. The interviews were thematically coded. The young adults\' statements were compared to the peer perspectives on a case-by-case basis.
UNASSIGNED: We identified three groups of young adults: 1) those who are generally open with peers about their illness and its subjective meaning; 2) those who share selected health-related information\'s with selected peers; 3) those who refrain from active disclosure and are unsure how they might talk about their illness when it becomes apparent. Our findings also indicate that peers differ in the sophistication of their illness perceptions and the meaning they ascribe to living with a chronic illness.
UNASSIGNED: Trainings should target both young adults and peers, and should assist both sides in talking about (serious) chronic illness.
Rehabilitation professionals should find ways to involve peers in caring for chronically ill young adults.Rehabilitation professionals should step up their efforts to destigmatize chronic illness.Disclosure/non-disclosure of chronic diseases should be given greater consideration in rehabilitation and health care.If young adults choose not to disclose their chronic illness, rehabilitation professionals should treat this as neutral and analyse the subjective functionality of such a decision.

OBJECTIVE: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a life-threatening complication in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. However, the related risk factors in pediatric and young adult HSCT recipients remain unclear. Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to identify potential risk factors for SOS in children and young adults undergoing HSCT.
METHODS: We acquired related articles through searching PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to May 31, 2024. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to identify potential risk factors.
RESULTS: A total of 12 studies with 7644 HSCT recipients were included. Bone marrow transplantation (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03-1.77, I2 = 0%), busulfan (BU) (OR = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.78-7.38, I2 = 70%), and fludarabine (FLU) (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.09-2.21, I2 = 16%) were risk factors for SOS after HSCT in children and young adults.
CONCLUSIONS: Bone marrow transplantation and the use of BU or FLU might be risk factors for SOS after HSCT in children and young adults.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated cardiovascular health, dietary habits, physical activity, depression, and sleep quality in young university adults.
METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used to assess anthropometric, biochemical, and cardiovascular health behaviors. The study included 158 university students aged 18 to 30 years (65% women, 35% men, average age: 20.3 ± 2.4 years), selected through non-probabilistic sampling. Measurements included BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and visceral fat using bioelectrical impedance. Health behaviors were evaluated via questionnaires on physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, smoking, ultra-processed food consumption, and sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The cardiovascular health index was assessed with the \"Life\'s Essential 8\" questionnaire and depression was assessed with Beck Depression Inventory. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Fisher\'s F test, Student\'s t-test, and simple linear regression, conducted using SPSS Statistics version 25.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp), with significance set at p<0.05.
RESULTS: Women showed better adherence to healthy behaviors. Higher fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity were associated with lower visceral fat. Higher visceral fat is correlated with increased blood pressure and decreased HDL cholesterol. Smoking and frequent ultra-processed food consumption were linked to higher depression scores, which were associated with poorer sleep quality.
CONCLUSIONS: Healthy lifestyle habits are crucial for physical and mental health, providing a basis for public health interventions.

While it is widely acknowledged that exercise has positive effects on cognitive function, the specific impacts of different types of exercises, particularly open and closed skill exercises, on cognitive impairment continue to be a debated topic. In this study, we used fNIRS and cognitive psychology tasks to investigate the effects of different types of exercises on cognitive function and brain activity in young adults. We conducted an observational study to assess the cognitive function of participants who had engaged in these exercises for a long period. Additionally, we examined the effects of open skill exercise (badminton) and closed skill exercise (calisthenics) on localized blood flow in the prefrontal lobe of the brain using an experimental research method. Specifically, during the Stroop task, the badminton group exhibited significantly higher △HbO2 in channel 18, corresponding to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared to the calisthenics group (F = 4.485, P < 0.05, η2 = 0.074). In the 2-back task, the calisthenics group showed significantly higher △HbO2 in channel 17, corresponding to the frontopolar area, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior prefrontal gyrus, than the badminton group (F = 8.842, P < 0.01, η2 = 0.136). Our findings reveal that open skill exercises are more effective in enhancing cognitive inhibition, thereby increasing attention capacity, self-regulation, and flexibility in response to environmental changes. Conversely, closed skill exercises demonstrate greater efficacy in improving working memory within cognitive functions, showcasing an enhanced capacity for information processing and storage. These data indicate that while both open and closed skill exercises are beneficial for cognitive function, they exhibit significant distinctions in some aspects.

Evidence from previous studies suggests that physical activity (PA) may contribute to functional and structural changes in the hippocampus throughout the lifespan. However, there is limited evidence available regarding the young adult population. Additionally, the personality traits that may influence this association remain unclear. With a sample of 84 young adults (43 women; age 22.7 ± 2.8y; range 18-29), the main aim of the current study was to analyze the association between objective and self-reported measures of daily PA and hippocampus subfield gray matter volumes, and to examine the role of the personality trait of punishment sensitivity in this association. Our results showed that only moderate to vigorous levels of objectively measured PA were positively associated with the hippocampal CA2/CA3 volume. Moreover, punishment sensitivity correlated negatively with the objective measure of sedentarism and with self-reported measures of PA. However, regression analyses did not find any interaction between punishment sensitivity and PA in explaining individual differences in hippocampal volumes. Thus, our data suggest that intense PA may contribute to enhancing the hippocampal CA2/CA3 volume in young adults.

BACKGROUND: Young adults with elevated LDL-C may experience increased burden of additional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. It is unclear how much LDL-C levels, a modifiable factor, correlate with non-LDL-C CVD risk factors among young adults or how strongly these CVD risk factors are associated with long-term predicted CVD risk. We quantified clustering of non-LDL-C CVD risk factors by LDL-C among young adults to assess the association between non-LDL-C and LDL-C risk factors with predicted CVD risk in young adults.
METHODS: The current analysis is a cross-sectional study of adults < 40 years with an LDL-C< 190 mg/dL participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between January 2015 and March 2020. We measured the prevalence of non-LDL-C risk factors by LDL-C and association between LDL-C and non-LDL-C risk factors with predicted risk of CVD by the Predicting Risk of cardiovascular disease EVENTs (PREVENT) equations.
RESULTS: Among 2108 young adults, the prevalence of LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL was 15.5%. Compared with young adults with LDL-C < 100 mg/dL, those with LDL-C 100-< 130, 130-< 160, and 160-< 190 mg/dL had greater non-LDL-C risk factors. Both LDL-C and non-LDL-C risk factors were independently associated with a 30-year risk of CVD (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07 and OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.12-1.23, respectively). The association of LDL-C and 30-year risk did not vary by non-LDL-C risk factor burden (pinteraction = 0.43).
CONCLUSIONS: Non-LDL-C risk factors cluster among increasing levels of LDL-C in young adults. Greater guidance on how to manage cardiovascular risk factors in young adults is needed.

UNASSIGNED: Age is a strong prognostic factor in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), with children doing better than adults with the same disease. One hypothesis for this age-based disparity is differences in treatment regimens. Optimizing care for adolescents and young adults (AYA) with ALL has not been well defined and disparities in care exist. We conducted a retrospective study of all veterans with ALL diagnosed between the ages of 18 and 45 since the year 2000 to evaluate disparities among prognostication methods, treatment regimens, and accrual to clinical trials with regard to age and race/ethnicity and how these factors influence overall survival.
UNASSIGNED: Electronic medical record data from the VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI) were used to identify 6,724 patients with an ICD-9 or 10 code for ALL. All patients were chart checked to confirm an ALL diagnosis between the ages of 18 and 45 and excluded if they were diagnosed before 2000, had childhood ALL, or if induction protocol was not recorded. A total of 252 patients were included in the final analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed with controls for age, ALL subtype (B, T, mixed phenotype), Ph status, cytogenetic risk (based on modified Medical Research Council-Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (MRC-ECOG) study), obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 30), and race.
UNASSIGNED: Patients treated with pediatric regimens, including pediatric-inspired regimens, have statistically significant (P = 0.009) survival gains, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.52 after controlling for age, obesity, ALL subtype, cytogenetic risk and race. White patients had significantly improved OS compared to people of color (HR 0.57, P = 0.02) after controlling for the aforementioned covariates. Black patients were far less likely (23%) to receive a transplant than non-Black patients (46%). Only 7% of patients were treated on a clinical trial.
UNASSIGNED: These data demonstrate that treatment with a pediatric regimen significantly improves overall survival in patients up to the age of 45 and suggests ongoing shortcomings in treatment for young adults with ALL, especially 30 to 45 years old, including persistently high use of adult induction regimens, low rates of referral to clinical trials, and significant racial disparities in bone marrow transplants for Black patients.

Viral myocarditis is a serious complication of viral infections that is known to impact young adults and can result in significant cardiac issues like earlier onset of heart failure, arrhythmia, or structural heart disease if not detected and treated promptly. This is a case report focusing on a 25-year-old woman diagnosed with viral myocarditis highlighting the diagnostic difficulties it can present with due to its diverse symptoms. Following a thorough diagnostic workup and appropriate treatment, including diuretics, antibiotics, and guideline-directed medical therapy, her condition significantly improved. Early suspicion and prompt treatment are important because myocarditis can lead to long-term heart failure. This case shows the nature of the symptoms and the challenges posed by current diagnostic methods. By conducting clinical assessments and using advanced imaging techniques, the diagnosis was confirmed, leading to appropriate treatment for this patient.

UNASSIGNED: Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) is a rare subtype of esotropia that occurs after infancy. The exact pathogenesis of AACE remains unknown with aetiologies ranging from benign conditions to serious underlying neurological diseases being reported. Given the elusive characteristic of AACE, diagnostic and management guidelines remain unclear. This systematic review aims to contribute to this field by summarising the risk factors for AACE reported thus far.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic review was conducted with papers found in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane library, PubMed databases and other sources. Eligible studies investigating the risk factors for, and clinical features of, AACE in children and young adults were critically appraised before relevant data were extracted and discussed via a narrative summary.
UNASSIGNED: Twelve studies were included in the final review, of which six and eight papers reported on benign and non-benign risk factors for AACE respectively. Identified benign risk factors varied among studies, while non-benign risk factors were associated with intracranial pathologies, multiple sclerosis and head trauma.
UNASSIGNED: Given the low generalisability of study findings, no definitive conclusions can be drawn on the significance of each risk factor on AACE development. Further prospective research with more objective measurements of \'near work\', larger sample sizes and control groups is required to better ascertain any cause-effect relationship, refine the diagnostic criteria for each AACE subtype and advise on appropriate management guidelines for AACE.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships between longitudinal fluoride intakes and bone densitometry outcomes in young adults.
METHODS: Data were analyzed from the Iowa Fluoride Study and Iowa Bone Development Study, which followed 1,882 infants from birth in 1992. Daily fluoride intakes were assessed using detailed questionnaires sent every 1.5-6 months, and multi-row detector computed tomography (MDCT) scans of distal tibia were obtained from 330 participants aged 23 years. Sex-specific bivariate and multivariable associations with MDCT outcomes were examined using linear regression. Because of the multiple statistical analyses being conducted, p-values < 0.01 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: In fully adjusted analyses, no statistically significant (p < 0.01) or suggestive (0.01 < p < 0.05) associations were found between period-specific or cumulative fluoride intake and bone measures for either sex, although there were suggestive positive relationships in unadjusted analyses.
CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal fluoride intakes had little association with bone measures at age 23. As there were no adverse effects from fluoride intake on bone health in young adults, results support the continued use of fluorides, particularly community water fluoridation is the most cost-effective method of dental caries prevention.