Few-layer tin (Sn)-based nanosheets (NSs) with a thickness of ≈2.5 nm are successfully prepared using a modified liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method. Here the first exploration of photo-electrochemical (PEC) and nonlinear properties of Sn NSs is presented. The results demonstrate that the PEC properties are tunable under different experimental conditions. Additionally, Sn NSs are shown to exhibit a unique self-powered PEC performance, maintaining a good long-term stability for up to 1 month. Using electron spin resonance, active species, such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH), superoxide radicals (·O2 -), and holes (h+), are detected during operations, providing a deeper understanding of the working mechanism. Furthermore, measurements of nonlinear response reveal that Sn NSs can be effective for all-optical modulation, as it enables the realization of all-optical switching through excitation spatial cross-phase modulation (SXPM). These findings present new research insights and potential applications of Sn NSs in optoelectronics.

Flexible electronics is an emerging and cutting-edge technology which is considered as the building blocks of the next generation micro-nano electronics. Flexible electronics integrate both active and passive functions in devices, driving rapid developments in healthcare, the Internet of Things (IoT), and industrial fields. Among them, flexible temperature sensors, which can be directly attached to human skin or curved surfaces of objects for continuous and stable temperature measurement, have attracted much attention for applications in disease prediction, health monitoring, robotic signal sensing, and curved surface temperature measurement. Preparing flexible temperature sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, wide temperature measurement interval, high flexibility, stretchability, low cost, high reliability, and stability has become a research target. This article reviewed the latest development of flexible temperature sensors and mainly discusses the sensitive materials, working mechanism, preparation process, and the applications of flexible temperature sensors. Finally, conclusions based on the latest developments, and the challenges and prospects for research in this field are presented.

Calcium-induced agglomeration of anaerobic granular sludge bed (AGSB) has become a critical factor in performance decline of calcified anaerobic reactors. However, the agglomeration process of AGSB and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and elusive. This study delved into the evolution of calcified AGSB, and four typical states of normal AGSB (Nor-AGSB), calcified dispersed AGSB (Dis-AGSB), calcified dimeric AGSB (Dim-AGSB), and calcified polymeric AGSB (Pol-AGSB) were characterized. It was found that the minimum transport velocity of Dis-AGSB was 3.14-3.79 times higher than that of Nor-AGSB, and surpassed both the superficial velocity and the bubble-induced wake velocity. This led to the sedimentation of AGS at the bottom of reactor, resulting in stable contacts with each other. Solid fillers between AGS, namely cement, were observed within Dim-AGSB and Pol-AGSB, and could be classified as tightly- and loosely- bonded cement (T- and L-cement). Further analysis revealed that T-cement was rich in extracellular polymeric substances and intertwining pili/flagella, serving as the primary driving force for robust inter-AGS adhesion. While the L-cement was primarily in the form of calcite precipitation, and blocked the convective mass transfer pathways in Pol-AGSB, leading to the decreased convective mass transfer capacity. The critical distance between calcite and AGS was further revealed as 5.33 nm to form stable initial adhesion. Consequently, the agglomeration mechanism involving the evolution of AGSB was proposed as calcium-induced sedimentation, calcium-induced adhesion, and calcium-induced stasis in order. This study is expected to offer deep insight into the calcium-induced agglomeration especially from the overlooked perspective of AGSB, and provides feasible control strategies to manage the pressing calcification issues in engineering applications.

BACKGROUND: Technology improves accessibility of psychological interventions for youth. An ecological momentary intervention (EMI) is a digital intervention geared toward intervening in daily life to enhance the generalizability and ecological validity, and to be able to intervene in moments most needed. Identifying working mechanisms of the use of ecological momentary interventions might generate insights to improve interventions.
METHODS: The present study investigates the working mechanisms of the use and acceptability of an ecological momentary intervention, named SELFIE, targeting self-esteem in youth exposed to childhood trauma, and evaluates under what circumstances these mechanisms of use and acceptability do or do not come into play. A realist evaluation approach was used for developing initial program theories (data: expert interviews and a stakeholders focus group), and subsequently testing (data: 15 interviews with participants, a focus group with therapists, debriefing questionnaire), and refining them.
RESULTS: The SELFIE intervention is offered through a smartphone application enabling constant availability of the intervention and thereby increasing accessibility and feasibility. When the intervention was offered on their personal smartphone, this enhanced a sense of privacy and less hesitance in engaging with the app, leading to increased disclosure and active participation. Further, the smartphone application facilitates the practice of skills in daily life, supporting the repeated practice of exercises in different situations leading to the generalizability of the effect. Buffering against technical malfunction seemed important to decrease its possible negative effects.
CONCLUSIONS: This study enhanced our understanding of possible working mechanisms in EMIs, such as the constant availability supporting increased accessibility and feasibility, for which the use of the personal smartphone was experienced as a facilitating context. Hereby, the current study contributes to relatively limited research in this field. For the field to move forward, mechanisms of use, and acceptability of EMIs need to be understood. It is strongly recommended that alongside efficacy trials of an EMI on specific target mechanisms, a process evaluation is conducted investigating the working mechanisms of use.
BACKGROUND: The current paper reports on a realist evaluation within the SELFIE trial (Netherlands Trial Register NL7129 (NTR7475)).

Schema therapy is an effective treatment for personality disorders (PDs). The theory of schema therapy assumes that the decrease of global psychological distress is mediated by change in Early Maladaptive Schemas. The few studies that have investigated a temporal relationship have produced contradictory results. This study examined the temporal relationship between changes in Early Maladaptive Schemas and global psychological distress in Group Schema Therapy (GST) for patients with personality disorders.
Assessments were made of 115 patients at baseline, after 20, 40 and after 60 sessions of treatment. We used the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) to measure the severity of Early Maladaptive Schemas and the Symptom Check List-90 Revisited (SCL-90R) to measure global psychological distress. Linear mixed model analyzes were used to examine the temporal relationship between the initial phase (0-20 and 0-40 sessions) and the later phase (40-60 sessions).
Change in Early Maladaptive Schemas does not precede change in global psychological distress. Conversely, global psychological distress does not precede change in Early Maladaptive Schemas; the improvement in both indicators is concurrent.
In this study, we could not confirm that the decrease of Early Maladaptive Schemas precedes decrease of global psychological distress. We found a concurrent relationship.

Voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels mediate Ca2+ influx in response to membrane depolarization, playing critical roles in diverse physiological processes. Dysfunction or aberrant regulation of Cav channels can lead to life-threatening consequences. Cav-targeting drugs have been clinically used to treat cardiovascular and neuronal disorders for several decades. This review aims to provide an account of recent developments in the structural dissection of Cav channels. High-resolution structures have significantly advanced our understanding of the working and disease mechanisms of Cav channels, shed light on the molecular basis for their modulation, and elucidated the modes of actions (MOAs) of representative drugs and toxins. The progress in structural studies of Cav channels lays the foundation for future drug discovery efforts targeting Cav channelopathies.

Multifunctional photodetectors boost the development of traditional optical communication technology and emerging artificial intelligence fields, such as robotics and autonomous driving. However, the current implementation of multifunctional detectors is based on the physical combination of optical lenses, gratings, and multiple photodetectors, the large size and its complex structure hinder the miniaturization, lightweight, and integration of devices. In contrast, perovskite materials have achieved remarkable progress in the field of multifunctional photodetectors due to their diverse crystal structures, simple morphology manipulation, and excellent optoelectronic properties. In this review, we first overview the crystal structures and morphology manipulation techniques of perovskite materials and then summarize the working mechanism and performance parameters of multifunctional photodetectors. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies of multifunctional perovskite photodetectors and their advancements are highlighted, including polarized light detection, spectral detection, angle-sensing detection, and self-powered detection. Finally, the existing problems of multifunctional detectors and the perspectives of their future development are presented.

Cellulose and its derivatives, which are low-cost, degradable, reproducible and highly hydrophilic, can serve as both substrate and humidity sensitive materials, making them more and more popular as ideal biomimetic materials for humidity sensors. Benefiting from these characteristics, cellulose-based humidity sensors cannot only exhibit high sensitivity, excellent mechanical performance, wide humidity response range, etc., but also can be applied to fields such as human health, medical care and agricultural product safety monitoring. Herein, cellulose-based humidity sensors are first classified according to the different conductive active materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, electrolytes, metal compounds, and polymer materials, based on which the latest research progress is introduced, and the roles of different types of conductive materials in cellulose-based humidity sensors are analyzed and summarized. Besides, the similarities and differences in their working mechanisms are expounded. Finally, the application scenarios of cellulose-based humidity sensors in human movement respiration and skin surface humidity monitoring are discussed, which can make readers quickly familiarize the current preparation method, working mechanism and subsequent development trend of cellulose-based humidity sensors more effectively.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) with a high energy density have been regarded as a promising energy storage device to harness unstable but clean energy from wind, tide, solar cells, and so on. However, LSBs still suffer from the disadvantages of the notorious shuttle effect of polysulfides and low sulfur utilization, which greatly hider their final commercialization. Biomasses represent green, abundant and renewable resources for the production of carbon materials to address the aforementioned issues by taking advantages of their intrinsic hierarchical porous structures and heteroatom-doping sites, which could attribute to the strong physical and chemical adsorptions as well as excellent catalytic performances of LSBs. Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to improving the performances of biomass-derived carbons from the aspects of exploring new biomass resources, optimizing the pyrolysis method, developing effective modification strategies, or achieving further understanding about their working principles in LSBs. This review firstly introduces the structures and working principles of LSBs and then summarizes recent developments in research on carbon materials employed in LSBs. Particularly, this review focuses on recent progresses in the design, preparation and application of biomass-derived carbons as host or interlayer materials in LSBs. Moreover, outlooks on the future research of LSBs based on biomass-derived carbons are discussed.

As hundreds of millions of distributed devices appear in every corner of our lives for information collection and transmission in big data era, the biggest challenge is the energy supply for these devices and the signal transmission of sensors. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a new energy technology meets the increasing demand of today\'s distributed energy supply due to its ability to convert the ambient mechanical energy into electric energy. Meanwhile, TENG can also be used as a sensing system. Direct current triboelectric nanogenerator (DC-TENG) can directly supply power to electronic devices without additional rectification. It has been one of the most important developments of TENG in recent years. Herein, we review recent progress in the novel structure designs, working mechanism and corresponding method to improve the output performance for DC-TENGs from the aspect of mechanical rectifier, tribovoltaic effect, phase control, mechanical delay switch and air-discharge. The basic theory of each mode, key merits and potential development are discussed in detail. At last, we provide a guideline for future challenges of DC-TENGs, and a strategy for improving the output performance for commercial applications.