背景:VeratrumnigrumL.(V.nigrum)是一种著名的草药,在亚洲和欧洲国家具有悠久的使用历史。V.Nigrum传统上用于治疗癫痫,高血压,恶性疮,和中风,它具有催吐和杀虫剂特性。
目的:这篇综述总结了民族药理学,植物化学,药理学,药代动力学和代谢,和V.nigrum的毒性以及它与其他草药的不相容性。还讨论了当前使用V.nigrum的挑战以及未来可能的研究方向。
方法:从PubMed、谷歌学者,WebofScience,CNKI,和万方数据;中医药名著;地方中药标准;以及相关文件。
结果:在生物医学实践中,V.nigrum已被用作催吐剂和杀虫剂。已从黑弧菌中分离出大约137种化合物,包括生物碱,二苯乙烯,黄酮类化合物,有机酸,和酯类。它的粗提物和化合物显示出各种效果,包括抗癌,低血压,杀虫,和抗菌活性以及改善血液流变学异常的能力。药代动力学研究表明,维拉他明(VAM)和肉汁具有高生物利用度,并可能具有肝肠循环。此外,黑曲霉生物碱的性别相关药代动力学差异值得进一步关注.毒理学研究表明,黑叶弧菌的主要毒性成分可能是cevanine型生物碱和VAM,嘌呤代谢紊乱可能与黑弧菌毒性有关。此外,还观察到了黑弧菌的神经毒性和胚胎毒性。龙葵的质量控制及其与其他草药不相容的机理也值得进一步研究和完善。
结论:这篇综述总结了关于V.nigrum的现有信息,为进一步研究该草药及其安全使用奠定基础。在黑弧菌中存在的各种化合物中,类固醇生物碱数量最多,含量高;此外,它们与黑弧菌的药理作用密切相关,但其毒性也不容忽视。鉴于毒性是限制黑弧菌临床应用的关键问题,更多的毒理学研究V.nigrum及其活性成分,尤其是类固醇生物碱,今后应进一步探讨其毒性作用靶点和潜在机制,为提高其临床应用的安全性提供更多证据和建议。
BACKGROUND: Veratrum nigrum L. (V. nigrum) is a well-known herb with a lengthy history of use in Asian and European countries. V. nigrum has been traditionally used to treat epilepsy, hypertension, malignant sores, and stroke, and it possesses emetic and insecticide properties.
OBJECTIVE: This review summarized the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, and toxicity of V. nigrum as well as its incompatibility with other herbs. Current challenges in the use of V. nigrum and possible future research directions were also discussed.
METHODS: Information on V. nigrum was collected from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, CNKI, and WanFang DATA; Masterpieces of Traditional Chinese Medicine; local Chinese Materia Medica Standards; and relevant documents.
RESULTS: In ethnomedical practice, V. nigrum has been used as an emetic and insecticide. Approximately 137 compounds have been isolated from V. nigrum, including alkaloids, stilbenes, flavonoids, organic acids, and esters. Its crude extracts and compounds have shown various effects, including anticancer, hypotensive, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities as well as the ability to improve hemorheological abnormalities. Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated that veratramine (VAM) and jervine have high bioavailability and possibly enterohepatic circulation. In addition, the sex-related pharmacokinetic differences in V. nigrum alkaloids warrant further attention. Toxicological studies have indicated that cevanine-type alkaloids and VAM may be the main toxic components of V. nigrum, and purine metabolism disorders may be related to V. nigrum toxicity. Furthermore, the neurotoxicity and embryotoxicity of V. nigrum have also been observed. The quality control of V. nigrum and the mechanism underlying its incompatibility with other herbs also deserve further research and refinement.
CONCLUSIONS: This review summarized the existing information on V. nigrum, laying the foundation for further studies on this herb and its safe use. Among the various compounds present in V. nigrum, steroid alkaloids are the most numerous and have high content; furthermore, they are closely related to the pharmacological effects of V. nigrum, but their toxicity can not also be ignored. Given that toxicity is a critical issue limiting the clinical application of V. nigrum, more toxicological studies on V. nigrum and its active ingredients, especially steroid alkaloids, should be conducted in the future to further explore its toxicity targets and the underlying mechanisms and to provide more evidence and recommendations to enhance the safety of its clinical application.