BACKGROUND: There is no universally followed protocol for managing Reflex Vasovagal syncope (VVS).
METHODS: VVS patients were treated with a 2 step protocol. Step I - counseling, hydration, physiotherapy, and Tadasana Yoga maneuver. Patients with ≥2 VVS recurrences were given step II care - intensification of step I, elastic stockings,and pharmacotherapy. Follow-up included assessment by periodic functional status questionnaires.
RESULTS: 157 patients (103 males & 54 females,mean age - 53 ± 20 years & mean LVEF - 62 ± 5%.) experienced 867 total events - 382 syncopal, and 485 near syncopal episodes over 14 ± 9 months. After step I protocol, the mean total, syncopal and near syncopal events declined from 5 ± 7 to 0.3 ± 1.2 (P < 0.0001), 3 ± 2 to 0.1 ± 0.4 (P < 0.0001) and 3 ± 6 to 0.2 ± 1.1 (P < 0.0001) respectively. Twenty (12.7%) patients had 53 event recurrences, 15- syncopal episodes in 7 and 38 near syncope events in 13. After step II, 5 patients had 14 events. At 33 ± 15 months, in 152 patients (96.8%) there were no recurrences and syncope was prevented in all (100%). The median total, syncopal and near syncopal events declined from 3 to 0,(p < 0.001) 2 to 0 (p < 0.001) and 1 to 0 (p < 0.001) respectively. There was an improvement in all the 3 quality of life parameters.
CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a simple and effective protocol that can be universally adopted to prevent VVS recurrences,with improvement in quality of life.

Cardioneuroablation is a novel approach to treat patients with recurrent vasovagal syncope (VVS), targeting the ganglionated plexi around the atria and thus reducing the vagal input to the heart. This study reports a case of drug-refractory VVS after COVID-19 infection, successfully managed with cardioneuroablation.

A 41-year-old male presented with syncope whilst eating and was subsequently demonstrated to have recurrent symptomatic sinus pauses whilst swallowing. Following the exclusion of structural heart disease, he was diagnosed with swallow syncope, an uncommon variant of neurocardiogenic syncope. To avoid long-term complications of a transvenous pacemaker, the case was managed with a leadless pacemaker which resulted in complete resolution of symptoms.

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Background Although syncope is a common emergency in medical settings, no research has yet evaluated the general population\'s awareness regarding it. This study investigated the general population\'s knowledge and awareness of syncope and if they could differentiate syncopal and non-syncopal causes of transient loss of consciousness (TLOC). Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh through a validated, self-administered Arabic questionnaire that was distributed to the general population through social media using Google Forms (convenience sampling). Participants younger than 18 or not from Riyadh were excluded from the study. Two cardiologists validated the questionnaire, following which forward and backward translation was done. The questionnaire contained three sections. The first section included demographic data and chronic conditions. In the second section, participants were asked if they or one of their relatives had ever experienced syncope. The third section had eight scenarios assessing the participants\' syncope knowledge. Subjects with ≥five correct answers were considered to be aware. Results The number of total responses was 405 participants. Regarding demographic data, 53% of the participants were female, 33% had a medical background, and 76% had a university degree (n = 214, n = 134, and n = 306, respectively). The mean age of the participants was 33.2 ± 13.3 years. Participants who were aware of syncope represented 55% (n = 221). Among the syncope cases, orthostatic syncope had the highest number of correct answers (79%, n = 319), followed by vasovagal syncope (61%, n = 246). Males performed better in cases one (p = 0.001), two (p = 0.004), and seven (p = 0.01). Conclusions The results of this study showed that most participants were considered aware of syncope. Gender, marital status, and having a medical background had a significant influence on the results.

Vasovagal syncope (VVS) continues to be the most frequent cause of syncope in all age groups. Recent randomized double-blinded trials (RCTs) provide further support for pacing in selected cases of patients with recurrent refractory VVS with significant cardio-inhibitory response either documented spontaneously or induced during head-up tilt testing (HUTT). Cardiac pacing is the only therapy of proven efficacy for the predominant cardio-inhibitory phenotype of vasovagal (reflex) syncope; however, several questions regarding the best candidates remain. The current review focuses on practical tips for use of cardiac pacing in practice.

Orthostatic syncope (transient loss of conscious when standing-fainting) is common and negatively impacts quality of life. Many patients with syncope report experiencing fatigue, sometimes with \"brain fog\", which may further impact their quality of life, but the incidence and severity of fatigue in patients with syncope remain unclear. In this systematic review, we report evidence on the associations between fatigue and conditions of orthostatic syncope.
We performed a comprehensive literature search of four academic databases to identify articles that evaluated the association between orthostatic syncope [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), vasovagal syncope (VVS), orthostatic hypotension (OH)] and fatigue. Studies were independently screened using a multi-stage approach by two researchers to maintain consistency and limit bias.
Our initial search identified 2797 articles, of which 13 met our inclusion criteria (POTS n = 10; VVS n = 1; OH n = 1; VVS and POTS n = 1). Fatigue scores were significantly higher in patients with orthostatic syncope than healthy controls, and were particularly severe in those with POTS. Fatigue associated with orthostatic syncope disorders spanned multiple domains, with each dimension contributing equally to increased fatigue. \"Brain fog\" was an important symptom of POTS, negatively affecting productivity and cognition. Finally, fatigue was negatively associated with mental health in patients with POTS.
In conditions of orthostatic syncope, fatigue is prevalent and debilitating, especially in patients with POTS. The consideration of fatigue in patients with orthostatic disorders is essential to improve diagnosis and management of symptoms, thus improving quality of life for affected individuals.

BACKGROUND: Tilt table test represents a valuable diagnostic method in assessing patients with transient loss of consciousness and confirming the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope. However, the test lacks standardization, and various protocols exist in different centers. The aim of this study was to compare the difference in sensitivity and time-to-syncope of tilt table test with a painful stimulus provocation compared to standard test with no provocation.
METHODS: This was a prospective study that included consecutive patients diagnosed with vasovagal syncope who were referred for tilt table testing. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: group 1 with pain provocation after the first 10 min of upright position and group 2 with no provocation with further 30 min of tilt in both groups.
RESULTS: In group 1, 66 (78.6%) patients developed syncope while in group 2, 35 (44.3%) patients had syncope (p < 0.001). This represents an increase of 34.3% in TTT sensitivity with the application of painful provocation. According to results of the Cox regression, the hazard for developing syncope after the 10th min of the tilt for group 2 was 0.275 of the hazard of group 1 (95% C.I. 0.170-0.444, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Pain provocation is a useful method for increasing sensitivity and shortening the duration of tilt table testing.

Reduced venous return is an important trigger of vasovagal syncope (VVS). Elastic compression stockings (ECS) can modify venous return and be of therapeutic interest; however, evidence for ECS efficacy in VVS is scarce. This randomized controlled trial was designed to address the issue.
COMFORTS-II is a multicenter, triple-blind, parallel design, randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the efficacy of ECS in preventing VVS recurrences. Using central online randomization, 268 participants will be allocated to 2 arms (1:1 ratio), wearing intervention ECS (25-30 mm Hg pressure) or sham ECS (≤10 mm Hg pressure). All participants will receive standard VVS treatment in the form of education, and lifestyle modification recommendations (drinking 2-3 l/d of fluids and consuming 10 g/d-roughly half a tablespoon-of table salt). Adherence to ECS treatment will be evaluated through diary sheets, and compared between study arms. Follow-up continues for 1 year, and is conducted via a 24/7 phone line available to patients and trimonthly visits. The co-primary outcomes are proportion of participants with any syncopal recurrence and time to first syncopal episode. Secondary outcomes include frequency of VVS spells, time intervals between recurrences, and incidence of any patient-reported adverse effects.
To the best of our knowledge, COMFORTS-II is the first clinical trial to assess ECS efficacy among patients with VVS, addressing an important gap in evidence for VVS treatments.