Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frequent cause of nosocomial and community infections, in some cases severe and difficult to treat. In addition, there are strains of MRSA that are specifically associated with food-producing animals. For this reason, in recent years special attention has been paid to the role played by foodstuffs of animal origin in infections by this microorganism. With the aim of gaining knowledge on the prevalence and types of MRSA in meat and meat products, a review was undertaken of work published on this topic since 2001, a total of 259 publications, 185 relating to meat samples from retail outlets and 74 to samples of animal origin collected in farms, slaughterhouses and meat processing facilities. Strains of MRSA were detected in 84.3% reports (156 out of 185) from retail outlets and 86.5% reports (64 out of 74) from farms, slaughterhouses and meat processing facilities, although in most of the research this microorganism was detected in under 20% of samples from retail outlets, and under 10% in those from farms, slaughterhouses and meat processing facilities. The meat and meat products most often contaminated with MRSA were pork and chicken. In addition to the mecA gene, it is crucial to take into consideration the mecB and mecC genes, so as to avoid misidentification of strains as MSSA (methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus). The great variety of methods used for the determination of MRSA highlights the need to develop a standardized protocol for the study of this microorganism in foods.

OBJECTIVE: In the existing literature, various insertion variations and classifications for the Pectoralis Minor (PMi) muscle have been reported. However, there is limited information on inferior origin variations of the PMi muscles and a certain classification is lacking.
METHODS: During routine cadaver dissection of an adult male, variations in the origin of the bilateral PMi muscles were identified. Morphometric measurements of the PMi were conducted using ImageJ software, and the unusual origin patterns of the PMi were categorized into specific types. The PMi muscle demonstrated a bilateral variations. On the right side, the PMi displays a bifid structure comprising medial and lateral fibers. The left PMi originate from the superolateral margins of the 4th to 6th costae and terminate at the anterosuperior surface of the coracoid process. The length of the right medial fiber before merging was 5.67 ± 0.04 cm, while that of the right lateral fiber was 6.68 ± 0.05 cm. The distance between the two fibers was measured as 0.43 cm, with a length of 3.33 ± 0.02 cm. The length and diameter of the muscle fibers extending to the 6th costa were 2.63 ± 0.01 cm and 0.46 cm, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Potential variations in PMi arising from impairment during development may occasionally manifest as asymptomatic conditions or predispose individuals to shoulder impingement, rotator cuff dysfunction, shoulder-related disorders, and functional impairments. Therefore, careful attention to this variation is considered in surgical planning.

Enamel hypoplasia (EH) is a qualitative defect, and it can have a significant impact on oral health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia in urban area in Albania.
METHODS: In total, 234 children of both sexes aged 8-12 years old were randomly selected in five schools in Tirana, Albania. They underwent an intra-oral examination. Diagnostic criteria were in accordance with a European meeting on MIH held in Athens, 2003, and the FDI. Medical history was retrieved using questionnaires, and data obtained from clinical examination were recorded.
RESULTS: The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia was 12.8%. The most commonly occurring enamel hypoplasia was the mild type (58.62%). The mandibular first molar showed the highest prevalence of enamel hypoplasia (19.5%), and the maxillary canines and premolars were the least affected (2.3%). In this study, medical story did not have a significant effect on enamel hypoplasia.
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia remains high at 12.8%. Interestingly, the features of enamel hypoplasia were consistent across both sexes, with no correlation found between them. The predominant occurrence of mild enamel hypoplasia underscores the importance of implementing oral hygiene strategies in schools to mitigate its progression.

BACKGROUND: Angioedema (AE) manifests with intermittent, localized, self-limiting swelling of the subcutaneous and/or submucosal tissue. AE is heterogeneous, can be hereditary or acquired, may occur only once or be recurrent, may exhibit wheals or not, and may be due to mast cell mediators, bradykinin, or other mechanisms. Several different taxonomic systems are currently used, making it difficult to compare the results of studies, develop multicenter collaboration, and harmonize AE treatment.
OBJECTIVE: We developed a consensus on the definition, acronyms, nomenclature, and classification of AE (DANCE).
METHODS: The initiative involved 91 experts from 35 countries and was endorsed by 53 scientific and medical societies, and patient organizations. A consensus was reached by online discussion and voting using the Delphi process over a period of 16 months (June 2021 to November 2022).
RESULTS: The DANCE initiative resulted in an international consensus on the definition, classification, and terminology of AE. The new consensus classification features 5 types and endotypes of AE and a harmonized vocabulary of abbreviations/acronyms.
CONCLUSIONS: The DANCE classification complements current clinical guidelines and expert consensus recommendations on the diagnostic assessment and treatment of AE. DANCE does not replace current clinical guidelines, and expert consensus algorithms and should not be misconstrued in a way that affects reimbursement of medicines prescribed by physicians using sound clinical judgment. We anticipate that this new AE taxonomy and nomenclature will harmonize and facilitate AE research and clinical studies, thereby improving patient care.

Nanotechnology is a captivating contemporary technology owing to its extensive range of potential applications. This study emphasizes nanomaterials, substances with a size <100 nm, offering better qualities than coarse particles. Nanoparticles have several advantages compared with conventional drug delivery methods, including enhanced bioavailability and a larger surface area because of their smaller particle size. These characteristics make the nanoparticles a viable clinical candidate. Controlled-release drug delivery systems and targeted drug delivery systems rely heavily on nanoparticles. Because traditional drug delivery methods fail to achieve targeted drug delivery, resulting in toxicity, low bioavailability, poor therapeutic outcomes, and so on, these drug nanoparticles excel in all these areas. Researchers are already interested in developing drug delivery systems such as niosomes, bilosomes, and dendrimers. Nanoemulsion is one of these technologies; nanoemulsions outperform traditional emulsions in terms of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Nanoemulsion effectively surpasses the constraints of standard emulsions, primarily by offering enhanced bioavailability, reduced toxicity, improved absorption, and the potential to be used in targeted drug delivery or controlled-release drug delivery systems. This particular work explores several aspects of nanoemulsions, including their constituents, classification, techniques for preparation, criteria for assessment, commercial applications, and future prospects.

Real-time data gathering, analysis, and reaction are made possible by this information and communication technology system. Data storage is also made possible by it. This is a good move since it enhances the administration and operation services essential to any city\'s efficient operation. The idea behind \"smart cities\" is that information and communication technology (ICTs) need to be included in a city\'s routine activities in order to gather, analyze, and store enormous amounts of data in real-time. This is helpful since it makes managing and governing urban areas easier. The \"drone\" or \"uncrewed aerial vehicle\" (UAV), which can carry out activities that ordinarily call for a human driver, serves as an example of this. UAVs could be used to integrate geospatial data, manage traffic, keep an eye on objects, and help in an emergency as part of a smart urban fabric. This study looks at the benefits and drawbacks of deploying UAVs in the conception, development, and management of smart cities. This article describes the importance and advantages of deploying UAVs in designing, developing, and maintaining in smart cities. This article overviews UAV uses types, applications, and challenges. Furthermore, we presented blockchain approaches for addressing the given problems for UAVs in smart research topics and recommendations for improving the security and privacy of UAVs in smart cities. Furthermore, we presented Blockchain approaches for addressing the given problems for UAVs in smart cities. Researcher and graduate students are audience of our article.

Over a long period of evolution, plants have developed self-protection mechanisms, such as leaving seeds, dropping leaves, growing thorns, producing specific substances or emitting special odors to repel insects. Although studies on the taxonomic characteristics, functions and application of spines in spiny plants have been reported in China and abroad, a systematic overview of plant spines is currently lacking. This study therefore identifies the characteristics and types of plant spines based on domestic and international research on plant spines to provide clear criteria or bases for determining the types of plant spines. In addition, the functions, regulatory mechanisms, and factors influencing the formation of spines and the prospects for their development and application are described and summarized. This study will help to improve the understanding of the types, functions and regulatory mechanisms of plant spines and provide new ideas for the genetic improvement of plants from spiny to nonspiny varieties.

A new species of the genus Lophostreptus Cook, 1895 is described, based on specimens hidden for over a century among the syntypes of its congener Lophostreptusregularis Attems, 1909 housed in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm (NRMS) and the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NHMW). A lectotype is designated for Lophostreptusregularis Attems, 1909 in order to stabilize its taxonomy. Updates to the millipede fauna of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania are provided.

The non-passerine type specimens in Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden are listed as an update to Van den Hoek Ostende et al. (1997) \'Type-specimens of birds in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, Part 1. Non-Passerines\' and Roselaar and Prins (2000) \'List of type specimens of birds in the Zoological Museum of the University of Amsterdam (ZMA), including taxa described by ZMA staff but without types in the ZMA\'. All new names published by Temminck and Schlegel are listed, even when types are not in Naturalis but in other collections. We have added 380 new names and deleted 13 names originally listed in Van den Hoek Ostende et al. (1997).

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a medical condition characterized by the rupture of the coronary artery wall, occurring without any external trauma. This ailment has been linked to various inflammatory, rheumatologic, and connective tissue disorders, as well as pregnancy-related changes. Despite being a less familiar cause of acute coronary syndrome, it has a considerable mortality rate, with incidence rates reaching up to 4%. This review will discuss the occurrence, pathophysiology, categorization, risk factors, diagnostic techniques, and treatment approaches related to spontaneous coronary artery dissection.