BACKGROUND: The state of twilight consciousness is marked by a focused narrowing of awareness, maintaining vigilance and attention while simultaneously experiencing perceptual shifts in the surrounding environment. It is crucial to recognize that this twilight state represents not just a contraction but also an expansion of conscious experience.
CONCLUSIONS: Substances of abuse, particularly new psychoactive substances, play a significant role in inducing this twilight state. They achieve this by deconstructing essential components of consciousness, such as the perception of time and space.
CONCLUSIONS: This paper aimed to explore the phenomenon of the twilight state of consciousness and shed light on how new psychoactive substances can alter the perception of time and space during this twilight phase, potentially triggering exogenous psychosis. This comprehensive inquiry employs a phenomenological approach to the study of consciousness, recognizing it as the primary tool for ascribing significance to this intricate yet often overlooked aspect of psychopathology.

A 17-year-old female patient presented to our hospital with repeated transient loss of consciousness lasting less than 10 min. After regaining consciousness, she experienced no disorientation, confusion, tongue-biting, or incontinence. Physical findings, blood tests, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram showed no obvious abnormalities. On being asked whether she had experienced sudden rapid body movements, she answered \"yes.\" Therefore, we suspected juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and obtained an electroencephalogram, which showed diffuse bilateral bursts of spike-and-wave complexes, confirming the diagnosis. In adolescent patients with transient loss of consciousness, myoclonic jerks should be actively confirmed for the diagnosis of JME.

Febrile status epilepticus evolves from a febrile seizure (FS) in 5% of cases. Its prompt recognition is challenging, especially when motor manifestations are absent or subtle. We describe the ictal electroclinical features of non-convulsive febrile status epilepticus (NCFSE) following an apparently concluded FS, initially misinterpreted as postictal obtundation and in some way mimicking the described \"non-epileptic twilight state\". We present an electroclinical study of 18 children, collected in our unit, who presented with NCFSE after an apparently resolved FS, longitudinally followed for one year to seven years and nine months (mean: four years and three months). The age at first NCFSE ranged between one year and two months and five years and eight months (mean: two years and six months). Patients were examined after spontaneous or rectal diazepam-induced resolution of a FS, while showing persisting impairment of awareness. A lack of responsiveness to painful stimulation, abnormal posturing and aphasia were present in all cases, variably associated with perioral cyanosis, hypersalivation, automatisms, gaze deviation and other lateralizing signs; eyes were open. The EEG recording started 20 to 140 minutes after the apparent resolution of the FS and was invariably characterized by delta or theta-delta pseudorhythmic activity, mainly involving the fronto-temporal regions, with hemispheric predominance in two thirds of the cases. The electroclinical condition, lasting 25 to 210 minutes, quickly recovered after intravenous diazepam. Follow-up revealed normal neurodevelopment and EEG in almost all patients (learning disability emerged in three). In five subjects, NCSE relapsed (twice in two). None presented afebrile seizures. Our series highlights the electroclinical features of focal NCFSE. Distinctive elements are a lack of reactivity, cyanosis, lateralizing clinical and EEG signs, and resolution clearly tied to intravenous benzodiazepine administration.