BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Patient-Reported Impact of Spasticity Measure (PRISM-TR).
METHODS: Expert opinions and the forward-back translation method were used for linguistic validation. Cronbach α and test-retest analysis were performed for reliability analysis. Correlations between the PRISM-TR and the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were assessed.
RESULTS: A total of 206 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS; 139 women; mean age, 47.7 ± 11.3 years; mean EDSS score, 5.2 ± 1.5) who had not had a relapse in the previous 3 months were included in the study. Test-retest correlation coefficients were high for all subdimensions of the scale (0.95-0.99). All Cronbach α values for the PRISM-TR subdimensions, except for Positive Impact, were likewise quite high (0.85-0.94). PRISM-TR subscale scores were correlated with MAS, NRS, and EDSS scores (P < .001).
CONCLUSIONS: PRISM-TR is a valid and reliable scale for use with Turkish individuals with MS. It is simple to use in the clinic and can be helpful in detecting patients\' spasticity early in the disease course.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to use the \"PROACTIVE Coping Scale\" to adapt the scale to Turkish culture, to determine its validity and reliability in a sample of undergraduate nursing students, and to evaluate the proactive coping levels of nursing students.
BACKGROUND: Proactive coping skills are very important for nursing students to cope effectively with various stressors that they may encounter both in their academic lives and in their future professional lives. There are no valid and reliable instruments for measuring the proactive coping levels of nursing students in Turkey.
METHODS: The present study is a descriptive and methodological study. Research data were collected between 01.12.2023 and 01.01.2024 via face-to-face interviews. The study was completed by 272 nursing students who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. In the analysis of the data, number/percentage, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach\'s Alpha reliability coefficient methods were used.
RESULTS: The scale structure was confirmed with 19 items and 4 factors. The Cronbach\'s alpha reliability coefficient of the PROACTIVE Coping Scale was found to be 0.816. The scale explains 67.17% of the total variance, and item correlation values vary between 0.263 and 0.650.
CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that the PROACTIVE Coping Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the proactive coping levels of nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to adapt a measurement tool that can be used to measure the perceived satisfaction level of parents of pediatric patients hospitalized in a pediatric clinic with care from pediatric nurses and to examine its psychometric properties.
METHODS: The study was conducted methodologically with 301 parents of children who were hospitalized in the pediatric clinic of a university hospital between September and December 2023. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the data to establish the validity of the scale, Cronbach\'s alpha reliability coefficient, split-half, item-total score methods were utilized to test its reliability.
RESULTS: The scale consisted of 26 items and a single dimension. It was determined that the total explained variance ratio was 79.246%. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results, goodness of fit values were determined as RMSEA = 0.077, CFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.97, RFI = 0.92, NFI = 0.93, and TLI = 0.96. Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient was calculated as α = 0.989 for the total scale.
CONCLUSIONS: The Parents\' Perception of Satisfaction with Care from Pediatric Nurse Practitioners Instrument is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to measure the perceived satisfaction level of parents of pediatric patients hospitalized in a pediatric clinic with nursing care.
CONCLUSIONS: The scale can contribute to determining the perceived satisfaction levels of parents of pediatric patients hospitalized in the pediatric clinic with nursing care and, if there is a problem, to providing regular in-service training for pediatric nurses who are responsible for pediatric patient safety and quality of care.

As in many other countries, baseline data concerning the linguistic development of bilingual children in Sweden are lacking, and suitable methods for identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in bilinguals are lacking as well. This study presents reference data from 108 typically developing (TD) Turkish/Swedish-speaking children aged 4;0-8;1, for a range of language tasks developed specifically for the assessment of bilinguals (LITMUS test battery, COST Action IS0804). We report on different types of nonword repetition (NWR) tasks (language-specific and language-independent), receptive and expressive vocabulary (Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks, CLTs), and narrative macrostructure comprehension and production (Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives, MAIN) in Turkish, the children\'s home language, and in Swedish, the language of schooling and society. Performance was investigated in relation to age, language exposure, type of task, and (for NWR and narratives) vocabulary size. There was a positive development with age for all tasks, but effects of language exposure and vocabulary size differed between tasks. Six bilingual Turkish/Swedish children with DLD were individually compared to the TD children. TD/DLD performance overlapped substantially, particularly for NWR, and more so for the production than the comprehension tasks. Surprisingly, the discriminatory potential was poor for both language-specific and language-independent NWR. DLD case studies underscored the importance of interpreting language scores in relation to exposure history, and the need for an increased emphasis on functional language skills as reported by parents and teachers when assessing and diagnosing DLD in bilinguals.

UNASSIGNED: Semantic verbal fluency (SVF) is a widely used measure of frontal executive function and access to semantic memory. SVF scoring metrics include the number of unique words generated, perseverations, intrusions, semantic cluster size and switching between clusters, and scores vary depending on the language the test is administered in. In this paper, we review the existing normative data for Turkish, the main metrics used for scoring SVF data in Turkish, and the most frequently used categories.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed papers using Medline, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and two Turkish databases, TR-Dizin and Yok-Tez. Included papers contained data on the SVF performance of healthy adult native speakers of Turkish, and reported the categories used. Versions of the SVF that required participants to alternate categories were excluded. We extracted and tabulated demographics, descriptions of groups, metrics used, categories used, and sources of normative data. Studies were assessed for level of detail in reporting findings.
UNASSIGNED: 1400 studies were retrieved. After deduplication, abstract, full text screening, and merging of theses with their published versions, 121 studies were included. 114 studies used the semantic category \"animal\", followed by first names (N = 14, 12%). All studies reported word count. More complex measures were rare (perseverations: N = 12, 10%, clustering and switching: N = 5, 4%). Four of seven normative studies reported only word count, two also measured perseverations, and one reported category violations and perseverations. Two normative studies were published in English.
UNASSIGNED: There is a lack of normative Turkish SVF data with more complex metrics, such as clustering and switching, and a lack of normative data published in English. Given the size of the Turkish diaspora, normative SVF data should include monolingual and bilingual speakers. Limitations include a restriction to key English and Turkish databases.

When visual stimuli are presented briefly, words are perceived better than nonwords. It is widely accepted that this word superiority effect reflects the efficiency with which words are perceived. However, most of what is known about the effect comes from languages (like English) using the basic Latin alphabet and little is known about whether languages using an alphabetic variant with very different properties can also produce word superiority. Here we report an experiment in which words and nonwords were presented briefly in Turkish, which uses a unique variant of the Latin alphabet containing 29 separate letters, 12 of which are close visual replications of other letters. Despite the potential for visual confusability and perceptual uncertainty, the findings revealed a clear advantage for words over nonwords, indicating that word superiority observed previously for the Latin alphabet can also be observed with the very different variant of this alphabet used for Turkish. Implications of these findings for processes involved in visual word perception are discussed.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to measure the perceived pain during the reduction of Colles fracture without anesthesia in both children and adults. It describes the process and reveals duration for reduction, total hospital stays and compares them with the same procedure under hematoma block.
METHODS: We employed the Wong-Baker FACES pain scale to assess pain reduction in 135 adults and 98 pediatric patients undergoing Colles fracture reduction with or without hematoma block. We also measured the time required for the reduction and the overall process.
RESULTS: For fracture reduction without anesthesia, Wong-Baker FACES scores were 9.2 for children and 8.7 for adults. With hematoma block, scores dropped to 7.5 for children and 5.2 for adults with only a 10 min addition to the hospital stay. Pain scores among pediatric patients exhibited moderate to strong negative correlations with age. The reduction maneuver itself took an average of 5 s.
CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of a Colles fracture is nearly instantaneous, making the reduction without anesthesia tolerable. Pediatric patients don\'t benefit from hematoma block as much as adult counterparts. It significantly reduced pain scores by 1.7 points in children and 3.5 points in adults.
METHODS: Level I, Randomized Controlled Trial.

UNASSIGNED: Frailty is an important, multidimensional geriatric syndrome defined as increased vulnerability to stressors. Fried frailty phenotype (FFP) is one of the most widely used models to define physical frailty. The aim of this study is to investigate the cross-cultural validity and reliability of Fried frailty phenotype (FFP) in older Turkish population.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 450 patients, aged 59 years and over, were included. FFP translated into Turkish was used. Hand grip strength cut-off values that best predict low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) for Turkish men and women were calculated. A modified version of FFP was created by rescoring FFP according to these cut-off values applicable to Turkish population. Correlation analysis between the frailty assessment by comprehensive geriatric evaluation of clinician experienced in geriatric medicine, and FFP and modified version of FFP were performed for validation. Thirty-five patients underwent frailty assessment with FFP twice for reliability assessment. Inter-rater and intra-rater agreements were investigated.
UNASSIGNED: Clinician\'s decision of frailty status demonstrated significant agreement with the results of FFP, as well as modified FFP. Interrater and intra-rater compliance were good. Best hand grip strength cut-off values for predicting low SMI in older Turkish population were determined as ≤13.6 kg (AUC: 0.841, p < 0.001) for women and ≤27.7 kg for men (AUC: 0.779; p < 0.001). Modified FFP had a good agreement with the FFP.
UNASSIGNED: FFP is a valid and reliable tool for Turkish population.

UNASSIGNED: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic disease accompanied by several symptoms and functional disabilities. Physical activity (PA) is crucial for disease management and patients\' perception of exercise is essential for a rehabilitation plan.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) that is frequently used in previous studies in the RA population.
UNASSIGNED: We included a total of 104 patients in our study. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2,k). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue Scale (BRAFS) were used for the convergent validity of the scale. For discriminant validity analysis, the total barriers and benefits scores were examined according to exercise status (yes/no), PA level (high/low), and fatigue severity (high/low). Additionally, standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change with 95% confidence (MDC95) are calculated.
UNASSIGNED: EBBS subscores showed moderate to excellent reliability (ICC: 0.71 to 0.98) and correlated PA (r = 0.453 and 0.515, EBBS-barriers and benefits subscores, respectively) and fatigue (r=-0.261 and -0.393, EBBS-barriers and benefits subscores, respectively). The SEM and MDC95 values were calculated as 2.03 and 7.96 for EBBS-benefits subscores and 0.93 and 3.65 for EBBS-barriers subscores. The EBBS-Benefits and Barriers subscores differed according to exercise status (p = .08), PA level (p < .01), and fatigue (p = .08).
UNASSIGNED: The results highlighted that the EBBS is a reliable and valid instrument to assess exercise benefits and barriers in patients with RA.

Our primary objective in this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Transformational Parenting Questionnaire (TPQ) within the Turkish context. Secondarily, we aimed to determine whether the questionnaire demonstrated measurement invariance across children\'s genders and grade levels. We included 950 participants, aged 11-18 years (446 girls, 498 boys, 6 unspecified gender identity; Mage = 14.73, SD = 1.85 years). Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the original 4-factor structure of the TPQ, and there was satisfactory criterion-related correlational validity between this instrument and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The TPQ exhibited robust internal item reliability coefficients, and respondent\'s test-retest correlations over a 15-day interval suggested adequate item response consistency. Importantly, we confirmed measurement invariance of the scale across participants gender and educational grade levels. In summary, we found that the TPQ was a valid and reliable tool for assessing Turkish children\'s perceptions of transformative parenting behaviors.