人们越来越关注生产模拟人体骨骼特性的多孔支架,以增强组织向内生长,再生,和融合。增材制造(AM)技术,即,三维(3D)打印,由于其高水平的设计和制造灵活性,在工程多孔支架的临床应用中发挥了重要作用。为此,这篇综述文章试图对多孔支架的主要设计考虑因素,如渗透性,附着力,血管化,界面特征及其相互作用影响骨再生和骨整合。最初解释了骨骼再生的生理学,然后分析了孔隙率的影响,孔径,多孔支架的渗透性和表面化学对缺损骨再生的影响。重要的是,还讨论了用于制造多孔骨替代物的主要3D打印方法。MA技术的进步允许在聚合物中生产具有复杂几何形状的骨支架,复合材料和金属与精心定制的建筑,机械,和大众运输的特点。这样,特别注意的是致力于审查3D打印支架具有三重周期性最小表面(TPMS)几何形状,模仿人体骨骼的分层结构。总的来说,这篇综述启发了一种设计途径,以产生具有高再生和骨整合能力的患者特异性3D打印骨替代物,以修复大型骨缺损。
There has been increasing attention to produce porous scaffolds that mimic human bone properties for enhancement of tissue ingrowth, regeneration, and integration. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, i.e., three dimensional (3D) printing, have played a substantial role in engineering porous scaffolds for clinical applications owing to their high level of design and fabrication flexibility. To this end, this review article attempts to provide a detailed overview on the main design considerations of porous scaffolds such as permeability, adhesion, vascularisation, and interfacial features and their interplay to affect bone regeneration and osseointegration. Physiology of bone regeneration was initially explained that was followed by analysing the impacts of porosity, pore size, permeability and surface chemistry of porous scaffolds on bone regeneration in defects. Importantly, major 3D printing methods employed for fabrication of porous bone substitutes were also discussed. Advancements of MA technologies have allowed for the production of bone scaffolds with complex geometries in polymers, composites and metals with well-tailored architectural, mechanical, and mass transport features. In this way, a particular attention was devoted to reviewing 3D printed scaffolds with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) geometries that mimic the hierarchical structure of human bones. In overall, this review enlighten a design pathway to produce patient-specific 3D-printed bone substitutions with high regeneration and osseointegration capacity for repairing large bone defects.