The conversion of low energy photons into high energy photons via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) photon upconversion (UC) has become a promising avenue for furthering a wide range of optoelectronic applications. Through the decades of research, many combinations of triplet sensitizer species and annihilator molecules have been investigated unlocking the entire visible spectrum upon proper pairings of sensitizer and annihilator identities. Here, we reflect upon the seminal works which lay the foundation for TTA-UC originating from solution-based methods and highlight the recent advances made within the solid state primarily focusing on perovskite-based triplet generation.

BACKGROUND: FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab is a standard first-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, due to the severe toxicities, this regimen is not widely used. There is limited data on the real-world efficacy and safety.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical data from mCRC patients who received FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line chemotherapy at 31 institutions. The initial dose was standardized according to the TRIBE regimen. Induction therapy was defined as a combination of oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and fluorouracil.
RESULTS: Out of 104 patients who met the criteria, the median age was 58 years (range, 16-72). 81% of patients had an eastern cooperative oncology group performance status (PS) of 0. An initial dose reduction was observed in 63% of patients. The median number of preplanned induction therapy cycles was 12 (range, 4-12). The completion of scheduled induction therapy cycles was observed in 45% of patients, with treatment-related toxicities being the main reason for discontinuation (63%). The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 12.8 months (95% CI, 10.6-15.0) and 27.9 months (95% CI 21.6-34.2), respectively. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 63.7% and 98.9%, respectively. The R0 resection rate was 21.2%. The main grade 3 or higher toxicities were neutropenia (51%), febrile neutropenia (10%), and nausea/vomiting (5%). No treatment-related deaths were observed.
CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world clinical setting, FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab demonstrated efficacy and safety comparable to previous clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The QUATTRO-II trial examined the efficacy and safety of capecitabine+oxaliplatin+irinotecan (CAPOXIRI)+bevacizumab (BEV) vs. 5-fluorouracil+folinic acid+oxaliplatin+irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI)+BEV in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).
METHODS: In this phase II study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04097444; jRCTs041190072), patients were randomized (1:1) to FOLFOXIRI+BEV or CAPOXIRI+BEV. The induction treatment in the FOLFOXIRI+BEV/CAPOXIRI+BEV arms was continued for 8/6 cycles (maximum 12/8 cycles if feasible), and the maintenance treatment was 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin+BEV or capecitabine+BEV at the investigators\' discretion. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), with the two arms deemed equivalent if the hazard ratio (HR) of the point estimate was 0.80 < HR < 1.25. Secondary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), incidence of adverse events (AEs), and patient-reported outcomes.
RESULTS: Overall, 51 and 52 patients were randomized to FOLFOXIRI+BEV and CAPOXIRI+BEV, respectively. The study met its primary endpoint; PFS at median follow-up of 23.7 months was 10.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.7-13.3) in the FOLFOXIRI+BEV arm vs. 10.9 months (95% CI, 9.3-14.3) in the CAPOXIRI+BEV arm (HR 1.114 [0.80 < HR < 1.25], p = 0.654). In the FOLFOXIRI+BEV vs. CAPOXIRI+BEV arms, the 2-year OS rate (95% CI) was 65.5% (49.5%-77.6%) vs. 74.3% (59.8%-84.2%), and the ORR (95% CI) was 76.5% (62.5%-87.2%) vs. 84.6% (71.9%-93.1%). Major (grade ≥3) AEs in the FOLFOXIRI+BEV vs. CAPOXIRI+BEV arms were neutropenia (68.6% vs. 40.4%), febrile neutropenia (9.8% vs. 11.5%), diarrhea (7.8% vs. 17.3%), and appetite loss (7.8% vs. 17.3%).
CONCLUSIONS: CAPOXIRI+BEV was well tolerated with reduced hematological toxicity and efficacy comparable to those of FOLFOXIRI+BEV, providing a potentially convenient first-line treatment alternative to FOLFOXIRI+BEV in patients with mCRC.
BACKGROUND: Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Indoles are notable for their distinct photophysical and photochemical properties, making them useful indicators in biological systems and promising candidates for a variety of pharmaceutical applications. While some indoles exhibit room temperature phosphorescence, such a phenomenon has not been observed in nitroindoles. Typically, adding of a nitro group into aromatic compounds promotes ultrafast intersystem crossing and increases the formation quantum yield of the lowest excited triplet (T1). Therefore, understanding the reactivity of nitroindoles\' T1 states is imperative. This study investigated the physical properties and chemical reactivities of the T1 state of 6-nitroindole (3HN-6NO2) in both polar aprotic and protic solvents, using transient absorption spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate the basicity and acidity of 3HN-6NO2, emphasizing its potential for protonation and dissociation in mildly acidic and basic conditions, respectively. Furthermore, 3HN-6NO2 has a high oxidizing capacity, participating in electron transfer reactions and proton-coupled electron transfer to produce radicals. Interestingly, in protic solvents like alcohols, 3HN-6NO2 dissociates at the -NH group and forms N-H…O hydrogen-bonded complexes with the nitro group. By identifying transient absorption spectra of intermediates and quantifying kinetic reaction rate constants, we illuminate the unique properties of the T1 state nitroindoles, enriching our understanding of their photophysical and photochemical behaviors. The results of this study have significant implications for their potential application in both biological systems and materials science.

The standard treatment for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) is now a combination of androgen deprivation therapy plus an androgen receptor-targeted therapy (abiraterone, apalutamide, enzalutamide or darolutamide), with or without chemotherapy (docetaxel). The selection of suitable patients for each therapeutic approach has become a determining factor to ensure efficacy and minimize side effects. This article combines recent clinical evidence with the accumulated experience of experts in medical oncology, radiation oncology and urology, to provide a comprehensive view and therapeutic recommendations for mHSPC.

Multiple pregnancies are infrequently encountered, with the incidence of spontaneous triplet pregnancies estimated at approximately 1 in 7000 pregnancies. Triplet gestations are recognized for their propensity to bring about a spectrum of pregnancy related complexities, encompassing fetal structural abnormalities, neurological anomalies, disturbances in amniotic fluid levels, preterm labor, and suboptimal neonatal outcomes. Anencephaly is a serious congenital defect where the brain and skull do not fully develop, often leading to a poor prognosis. It\'s a preventable neural tube defect (NTD) with timely intake of folic acid, is caused by the incomplete closure of the neural tube during fetal development, resulting in the absence of the cerebrum (responsible for thinking and coordination) and the front part of the brain (forebrain) in affected infants. While anencephaly in a triplet is scarcely reported, spontaneous reabsorption of an anencephalic fetus in utero is a rare and unexpected event, with no documented cases in triplet pregnancies until now. We report a case of anencephaly in a triplet pregnancy where the mother presented late during her third trimester, the reabsorption of the anencephalic fetus in utero is an unprecedented event, highlighting the unique nature of this triplet pregnancy.

The long-lived interlayer excitons (IXs) of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers are prime candidates for developing various optoelectronic and valleytronic devices. Their photophysical properties, including fine structure, have been the focus of recent studies, and the presence of two spin states, namely, spin-singlet and spin-triplet, has been experimentally confirmed. However, the existence of the interaction between these states and their nature remains unknown to date. Here, we demonstrate the presence of coherent coupling between the spin-singlet and spin-triplet IXs of a WSe2-MoSe2 heterobilayer utilizing quantum beat spectroscopy via a home-built Michelson interferometer. As a clear signature of coherent coupling, the quantum beat signal has been observed for the first time between closely spaced transitions of IXs. The observed strong damping of the quantum beat signals with fast dephasing times of 270-400 fs indicates that fluctuations giving rise to inhomogeneous broadening in the photoluminescence emission of these states are uncorrelated.

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) functionalised with an electron donating unit acts as a donor-acceptor molecules that have shown potential for application in dyes and photovoltaics. These molecules offer broad absorption/emission properties and structure-dependent dynamics. In this study, we used femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy to investigate the photo-initiated dynamics of thiophene linked DPP derivatives. The thio-DPPs are further functionalised by different electrons withdrawing terminal groups, namely benzoxazole and thiophene dicyanide. The benzoxazole derivative is strongly emissive and directly relaxes directly to the ground state chloroform solution. Thiophene dicyanide derivative exhibits distinct spectral evolution in the first 10 ps, associated with structural and vibronic process. Later, it crosses over to the triplet state with a yield of 20 %. In the solid-state (thin film), we observed a signal that resembles singlet fission. However, upon careful analysis of temperature-dependent steady state absorbance spectra, we conclude that these features are due to laser-induced thermal artifacts. We describe a simplified excited state evolution in the thin film that does not include any additional excited states. These findings have significant implications for the analysis of triplet formation, which plays a major role in the photophysics of many organic materials.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comparative analysis of risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in single- and multiple-born neonates.
METHODS: In a retrospective evaluation of 521 premature neonates, encompassing singletons, twins, and triplets born at or before 34 weeks of gestational age with a birthweight of less than 2000 g and who completed the ROP screening program, between 2020 and 2023, in outpatient referral ROP screening clinic affiliated by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, were included. Neonates with the eligibility criteria were enrolled in the screening program from 28 days old age and followed up to discharge or treatment based on national ROP screening guideline. Data on ROP severity, outcome, treatment modality, and risk factors, including gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), sex, duration of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, oxygen supplementation, mechanical ventilation, blood transfusion, method of delivery, and maternal and neonatal comorbidities, were extracted and compared between premature neonates from singleton and multiple births.
RESULTS: The analysis of the ROP severity distribution revealed 238 neonates (45.7%) with low-risk (type 2 prethreshold ROP or less severe) ROP and 16 (3.1%) with high-risk (type I prethreshold ROP or more severe) ROP who underwent treatment. According to the comparative analysis of risk factors in neonates with ROP requiring treatment, multiple birth neonates exhibited significantly greater GA (27.50 ± 3.27 vs. 30.00 ± 2.00 vs. 31.14 ± 0.38 weeks, p = 0.032 for singletons, twins and triplets, respectively); greater BW (861.67 ± 274.62 vs. 1233.33 ± 347.75 vs. 1537.14 ± 208.86 g, p = 0.002); and shorter duration of NICU admission (60.17 ± 21.36 vs. 34.00 ± 12.17 vs. 12.00 ± 6.32 days, p = 0.001) and oxygen supplementation (47.33 ± 16.57 vs. 36.00 ± 8.49 vs. 4.60 ± 2.41 days, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between single-born neonates and multiple-born neonates regarding the prevalence of other risk factors. Multiple-born neonates with no ROP and low risk ROP showed significantly lower GA and BW compared to singletons (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Multiple gestation neonates may develop high-risk ROP requiring treatment at a greater gestational age and birth weight and at a lower duration of oxygen supplementation and NICU admission compared to the single birth neonates. This pattern prompts a reevaluation of screening criteria, suggesting a potential need to consider multiple birth neonates with lower traditional risk factors in screening programs. This pattern should be further evaluated in larger populations of multiple born premature neonates.

BACKGROUND: The condition of monozygotic, monochorionic triplet fetuses with a pair of conjoined twins is extremely rare (close to one in a million births), presents challenges in its management, and with poor prognosis.
METHODS: We report a case of monochorionic diamniotic triplet pregnancy, ultrasound at 14 weeks shows a pair of conjoined thoracopagus fetuses, sharing heart, liver, and umbilical cord, in addition to omphalocele. The third fetus, without malformations, presents signs of early heart failure compatible with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. It was decided to carry out expectant management where at 18 weeks, intrauterine death of the three fetuses occurs. An abortion is performed by hysterotomy.
CONCLUSIONS: The treatment in these cases is discussed, three management options have been proposed: expectant management, selective reduction of the conjoined fetuses, or termination of the pregnancy. A review of the literature found only 12 cases with this combination of pathologies, in which only 3 normal fetuses (25%) survived and none of the conjoined twins survived. To our knowledge, this case is the first of a monochorionic triplet pregnancy with conjoined fetuses complicated with early twin-to-twin transfusion.