Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) models are a promising avenue towards gaining a better insight into land surface interactions and Earth\'s system dynamics. One such model developed for the academic and research community is the SimSphere SVAT model, a popular software toolkit employed for simulating interactions among the layers of vegetation, soil, and atmosphere on the land surface. The aim of the present review is two-fold: (1) to deliver a critical assessment of the model\'s usage by the scientific and wider community over the last 15 years, and (2) to provide information on current software developments implemented in the model. From the review conducted herein, it is clearly evident that from the models\' inception to current day, SimSphere has received notable interest worldwide, and the dissemination of the model has continuously grown over the years. SimSphere has been used so far in several applications to study land surface interactions. The validation of the model performed worldwide has shown that it is able to produce realistic estimates of land surface parameters that have been validated, whereas detailed sensitivity analysis experiments conducted with the model have further confirmed its structure and architectural coherence. Furthermore, the recent inclusion of novel functionalities in the model, as outlined in the present review, has clearly resulted in improving its capabilities and in opening up new opportunities for its use by the wider community. SimSphere developments are also ongoing in different aspects, and its use as a toolkit towards advancing our understanding of land surface interactions from both educational and research points of view is anticipated to grow in the coming years.

BACKGROUND: This study was to compare the safety and efficacy of different lymphadenectomy methods in patients with pancreatic head cancer undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).
METHODS: A total of 150 patients were included in this study. Patients were divided into Group A (n = 79), Group B (n = 44), and Group C (n = 27) according to the different lymphadenectomy methods. The clinical endpoint was time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). Postoperative complications of different lymphadenectomy methods were compared respectively. TTP and OS of the three groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier curves.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the three groups in operative time (P = 0.300), death in the hospital (P = 0.253), postoperative hemorrhage (P = 0.863), postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) B/C (P = 0.306), bile leakage (P = 0.215), intestinal fistula (P = 0.177), lymphatic leakage (P = 0.267), delayed gastric emptying [(DGE) (P = 0.283)], ICU stay (P = 0.506), and postoperative hospital stay [(PHS) (P = 0.810)]. Median TTP in Groups B and C was significantly longer than in Group A (log-rank test, A vs B: P = 0.0005, A vs C: P = 0.0001). Median OS between the three groups has no statistical difference (P = 0.1546).
CONCLUSIONS: Extended lymphadenectomy methods based on the TRIANGLE do not increase perioperative complications significantly and can effectively delay tumor progression in patients with pancreatic head cancer.

Frustrated spin-12model consisting of a linear chain of triangles with ferro (F)- and antiferromagnetic interactions connected by ferromagnetic interactions (triangles chain) is studied. The ground state phase diagram depending on the interaction ratios consists of ferromagnetic, two ferrimagnetic and singlet phases. The magnetic properties in these phases are analyzed both analytically and numerically. We show that in some regions of the singlet phase the magnetization curves have magnetization plateau and magnetization jumps. We study the thermodynamics and its relation to the specific structure of the excitation spectrum of the triangle chain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of manual compass measurement and trigonometric determination of proptosis (MCMATDP).
METHODS: This agreement study included 120 eyes without eye diseases or injury of 60 patients who visited the ophthalmic clinic of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from February 2020 to June 2020. The absolute values of proptosis were measured by MCMATDP and computed tomography (CT). The differences between the two methods were shown by Bland-Altman plot.
RESULTS: The cohort comprised 25 males and 35 females (average age 38.3 years). The absolute value of proptosis measured by CT was correlated with the MCMATDP. Further analysis showed that a 95% limit of agreement (LoA) was - 0.53 to 0.60 mm in the right eye and - 0.46 to 0.55 mm in the left eye between CT and MCMATDP. In addition, the 95% LoA was - 0.49 to 0.60 mm in both eyes between the two methods. All points were < 5% in Bland-Altman plots.
CONCLUSIONS: Compared to CT, MCMATDP is rather consistent in proptosis measurement. The new method is feasible in clinical practice when measuring proptosis. With the development of non-contact intelligent measurement software and the continuous improvement in measurement accuracy, a non-invasive, simple, and inexpensive measurement mode is true based on the theory of MCMATDP.

Music should be integrated into our daily activities due to its great effects on human holistic health, through its characteristics of melody, rhythm and harmony. Music orchestras use different instruments, with strings, bow, percussion, wind, keyboards, etc. Musical triangles, although not so well known by the general public, are appreciated for their crystalline and percussive sound. Even if it is a seemingly simple instrument being made of a bent metal bar, the problem of the dynamics of the musical triangle is complex. The novelty of the paper consists in the ways of investigating the elastic and dynamic properties of the two types of materials used for musical triangles. Thus, to determine the mechanical properties, samples of material from the two types of triangles were obtained and tested by the tensile test. The validation of the results was carried out by means of another method, based on the modal analysis of a ternary system; by applying the intrinsic transfer matrix, the difference between the obtained values was less than 5%. As the two materials behaved differently at rupture, one having a ductile character and the other brittle, the morphology of the fracture surface and the elementary chemical composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analysis by X-ray spectroscopy with dispersion energy (EDX). The results were further transferred to the finite element modal analysis in order to obtain the frequency spectrum and vibration modes of the musical triangles. The modal analysis indicated that the first eigenfrequency differs by about 5.17% from one material to another. The first mode of vibration takes place in the plane of the triangle (transverse mode), at a frequency of 156 Hz and the second mode at 162 Hz, which occurs due to vibrations of the free sides of the triangle outside the plane, called the torsion mode. The highest dominant frequency of 1876 Hz and the sound speed of 5089 m/s were recorded for the aluminum sample with the ductile fracture in comparison with the dominant frequency of 1637 Hz and the sound speed of 4889 m/s in the case of the stainless steel sample, characterized by brittle fracture.

Triangle pancreatoduodenectomy adds to the conventional procedure the en bloc removal of the retroperitoneal lympho-neural tissue included in the triangular area bounded by the common hepatic artery (CHA), the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and the superior mesenteric vein/portal vein. We herein aim to show the feasibility of \"cold\" triangle robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (C-Tr-RPD) for pancreatic cancer (PDAC).
Cold dissection corresponds to sharp arterial divestment performed using only the tips of robotic scissors. After division of the gastroduodenal artery, triangle dissection begins by lateral-to-medial divestment of the CHA and anterior-to-posterior clearance of the right side of the celiac trunk. Next, after a wide Kocher maneuver, the origin of the SMA, and the celiac trunk are identified. After mobilization of the first jejunal loop and attached mesentery, the SMA is identified at the level of the first jejunal vein and is divested along the right margin working in a distal-to-proximal direction. Vein resection and reconstruction can be performed as required. C-Tr-RPD was considered feasible if triangle dissection was successfully completed without conversion to open surgery or need to use energy devices. Postoperative complications and pathology results are presented in detail.
One hundred twenty-seven consecutive C-Tr-RPDs were successfully performed. There were three conversions to open surgery (2.3%), because of pneumoperitoneum intolerance (n = 2) and difficult digestive reconstruction. Thirty-four patients (26.7%) required associated vascular procedures. No pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery was observed. Twenty-eight patients (22.0%) developed severe postoperative complications (≥ grade III). Overall 90-day mortality was 7.1%, declining to 2.3% after completion of the learning curve. The median number of examined lymph nodes was 42 (33-51). The rate of R1 resection (7 margins < 1 mm) was 44.1%.
C-Tr-RPD is feasible, carries a risk of surgical complications commensurate to the magnitude of the procedure, and improves staging of PDAC.

UNASSIGNED: To investigate the effect of Triangle tiered and graded management on the self-management behavior and quality of survival of Parkinson\'s Disease (PD) patients.
UNASSIGNED: Eighty ambulatory PD patients admitted to the neurology outpatient clinic of our hospital from June 2020 to January 2021 were selected for the study. Eighty patients were divided into 40 cases each in the test group and the control group using the random number table method. Patients in the control group were given conventional treatment and care, while in the test group, Triangle hierarchical management was applied on the basis of the control group. Non-motor symptoms [assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Inventory (MoCA), the Scale for Outcomes in PD for Autonomic Symptoms disability Scale (SCOPA-DS) and the Nocturnal Scale (SCOPA-NS)], motor symptoms [assessed by the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), the Modified Ashworth Scale, and the Unified Parkinson\'s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III)], quality of life (assessed by Barthel Index), medication adherence (self-administered medication adherence questionnaire), quality of survival (assessed by the 39-item Parkinson\'s Disease Quality of Survival Questionnaire, PDQ-39), and self-management effectiveness (assessed by the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale, symptom management and disease co-management) were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. The two groups were also observed for satisfaction with care.
UNASSIGNED: After the intervention, the MoCA score, FGA score, Barthel Index, Medication adherence and all scores of self-management effectiveness were significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (P < 0.05); the SCOPA-DS score, SCOPA-NS score, Ashworth score, UPDRS-III score and PDQ-39 score were significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). Satisfaction with nursing care was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (P < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The application of Triangle\'s tiered and graded management to the home care of ambulatory PD patients was effective in improving their non-motor and motor symptoms, their ability to perform daily activities, medication adherence and self-management effectiveness, and their overall survival outcome.

Despite the large number of studies that demonstrate the need for family involvement in addiction treatment, mental health professionals (MHPs) are often reluctant to collaborate with the affected family members (AFMs), while several times they enter-consciously or unconsciously-into a competitive relationship with the family of the person with addiction problems (PAPs). The present study presents the results of a thematic analysis of 42 vignettes provided by MHPs working in drug and alcohol addiction treatment. Participants\' experiences were depicted by two overarching themes: the caring and the traumatizing triangle. Present findings suggest that MHPs\' awareness of triadic influences and attempts to build alliances with AFMs supports PAPs\' needs for reconciliation with AFMs and is supported by multidisciplinary need containment. In the attempt to collaborate with AFMs, MHPs need to avoid accepting the idealization of the PAPs and not to ally into the underestimation of the family, in order to resolve possible separation phenomena and to avoid therapeutic failure. Additionally, MHPs are called upon working out their own difficulties and possibly their prejudices about triangular interactions, so that the triangle MHPs-PAPs-AFMs can function therapeutically in a multidisciplinary context. Clinical supervision and Balint groups may support addiction professionals in these challenging tasks.

Objective  The Kawase approach provides access to the petroclival and posterior cavernous sinus regions, cerebellopontine angle, and upper basilar artery territory. Nevertheless, it remains one of the most challenging approach for neurosurgeons, due to the considerable related morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between anatomical landmarks and their possible variations, and to measure the extension of the Kawase space, to define the reliability of these landmarks while performing an anterior petrosectomy. Design  Using eight cadaveric specimens (15 sides), an anatomical dissections and extradural exposure of the Kawase area were performed. Settings  A two-step analysis of the distances between the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3) and the structures at risk of iatrogenic damage was performed. Main outcome measures  We measured the distance between V3 and the basal turn of the cochlea, and between V3 and the internal acoustic canal (IAC), analyzing the limits of bone resection without causing hearing damage. Results  We analyzed eight cadaveric (15 sides) formalin-fixed heads injected with colored silicone: four males and four females of Caucasian race (mean age: 73.83 years). We found a mean distance of 10.46 ± 1.13 mm between the great superficial petrous nerve (GSPN) intersection with V3 and the basal turn of the cochlea, and of 11.92 ± 1.71 mm between the origin point of V3 from the Gasserian ganglion and the fundus of the IAC. Conclusion  The knowledge of the safe distance between the most applicable anatomic landmarks and the hearing structures is a practical and useful method to perform this approach reducing related comorbidity.

A pseudocircle is a simple closed curve on the sphere or in the plane. The study of arrangements of pseudocircles was initiated by Grünbaum, who defined them as collections of simple closed curves that pairwise intersect in exactly two crossings. Grünbaum conjectured that the number of triangular cells p 3 in digon-free arrangements of n pairwise intersecting pseudocircles is at least 2 n - 4 . We present examples to disprove this conjecture. With a recursive construction based on an example with 12 pseudocircles and 16 triangles we obtain a family of intersecting digon-free arrangements with p 3 ( A ) / n → 16 / 11 = 1 . 45 ¯ . We expect that the lower bound p 3 ( A ) ≥ 4 n / 3 is tight for infinitely many simple arrangements. It may however be true that all digon-free arrangements of n pairwise intersecting circles have at least 2 n - 4 triangles. For pairwise intersecting arrangements with digons we have a lower bound of p 3 ≥ 2 n / 3 , and conjecture that p 3 ≥ n - 1 . Concerning the maximum number of triangles in pairwise intersecting arrangements of pseudocircles, we show that p 3 ≤ 4 3 n 2 + O ( n ) . This is essentially best possible because there are families of pairwise intersecting arrangements of n pseudocircles with p 3 = 4 3 n 2 . The paper contains many drawings of arrangements of pseudocircles and a good fraction of these drawings was produced automatically from the combinatorial data produced by our generation algorithm. In the final section we describe some aspects of the drawing algorithm.