目标:绿地降低心血管疾病(CVD)风险,但是很少有研究研究什么样的绿色空间是重要的,这是一个重要的考虑因素,因为城市人口稠密,公寓变得越来越普遍。
方法:来自45andUpStudy(SaxInstitute)基线调查的参与者为86,727人,公寓为17,998人,其中10年的相关住院和死亡数据用于定义:(i)全因;(ii)CVD死亡率;(iii)致命和非致命的CVD事件;(iv)急性心肌梗死(AMI)。与总绿地的关联,使用针对潜在混杂因素进行调整的生存分析,评估了1.6km缓冲区内的树冠覆盖和开阔草。
结果:房屋参与者的平均绿地百分比指标均高于公寓。在房屋的居民中,总绿地增加10%与CVD死亡率风险降低相关(HR0.97,95CI0.95-1.00).树冠覆盖率增加10%与全因死亡率风险降低相关(HR0.97,95CI0.95-0.99),CVD死亡率(HR0.96,95CI0.93-0.98),和致命或非致命的AMI(HR0.93,95CI0.89-0.96)。相比之下,露天草地面积增加10%与住宅居民发生致死性或非致死性AMI的风险增加相关(HR1.15,95CI1.09-1.20).在公寓的居民中,总绿地增加10%与全因死亡率(HR1.04,95CI1.00-1.08)和CVD死亡率(HR1.03,95CI1.00-1.08)的风险增加相关.
结论:城市植树造林可能是保护心血管健康的人口水平干预措施,特别是对于住在房子里的人。城市绿化与公寓居民心血管健康的交集值得进一步调查。
OBJECTIVE: Green space reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but few studies examine what types of green space matter, which is an important consideration as cities densify and apartments become more common.
METHODS: Participants were 86,727 in houses and 17,998 in apartments from the 45 and Up Study (Sax Institute) baseline survey with 10 years of linked hospitalisation and death data used to define: (i) all-cause; and (ii) CVD-mortality; (iii) fatal and non-fatal CVD events; and (iv) acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Associations with total green space, tree canopy cover and open grass within 1.6 km buffers were assessed using survival analysis adjusted for potential confounders.
RESULTS: Mean percentage green space indicators were all higher among participants in houses than in apartments. Among residents of houses, a 10% increase in total green space was associated with reduced risk of CVD mortality (HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.95-1.00). A 10% increase in tree canopy cover was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.95-0.99), CVD mortality (HR 0.96, 95%CI 0.93-0.98), and fatal or non-fatal AMI (HR 0.93, 95%CI 0.89-0.96). In contrast, a 10% increase in open grass was associated with an increased risk of fatal or non-fatal AMI (HR 1.15, 95%CI 1.09-1.20) in residents of houses. Among residents of apartments, a 10% increase in total green space was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.04, 95%CI 1.00-1.08) and CVD mortality (HR 1.03, 95%CI 1.00-1.08).
CONCLUSIONS: Urban reforestation may be a population-level intervention to protect cardiovascular health, especially for people living in houses. The intersection of urban greening and cardiovascular health among residents of apartments warrants further investigation.