OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize incidences of CMV reactivations within one year post-allo-SCT and identify risk factors for CMV second reactivation episode in population with high seropositivity where first CMV reactivation episode deemed to be high.
METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 359 allo-SCT patients aged 14 and older admitted to a tertiary academic hospital. Data on demographic and clinical factors, CMV serostatus, conditioning regimens, graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis, engraftment time, and CMV reactivations were collected.
RESULTS: First and second CMV reactivations occurred in 88.9% and 18.4% of post-allo-SCT patients respectively. Patients were stratified into two groups based on primary disease necessitating allo-SCT, patients with malignant (Group 1) and non-malignant (Group 2) hematological disease. Factors associated with the second reactivation included cord blood as a stem cell source, human leukocyte antigen mismatch, acute graft-versus-host disease, and hematological malignancies. Patients with non-malignant hematological disease displayed better outcomes, including a higher rate of spontaneous clearance of first CMV reactivation (70% versus 49.4%) and lower rates of second CMV reactivation (9.6% versus 31%) than those with malignant hematological disease. The one-year overall survival rate was 87.7% (95.5% in non-malignant hematological disease and 78.13% in malignant hematological disease).
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are concordant with previous local study in regard to high rate of first CMV reactivation post-allo-SCT. It appears that patients with nonmalignant hematological disease had better outcomes, such as lower second CMV reactivation and higher survival rates compared to patients with malignant hematological disease. Further investigation is needed to identify other factors affecting recurrent CMV reactivations in allo-SCT in patients with malignant hematological disease.

BACKGROUND The relationship between clonal hematopoiesis (CH)-associated gene mutations and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has been extensively studied since next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology became widely available. However, research has mainly focused on the relationship between donor CH mutations and transplant prognosis, and research into the relationship between CH mutations in the recipient and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is lacking. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed NGS results and their correlation with aGVHD and prognosis in 196 AML patients undergoing allo-HSCT. RESULTS A total of 93 (47.4%) patients had CH mutations. The most frequently mutated genes were DNMT3A (28 of 196; 14.3%), TET2 (22 of 196; 11.2%), IDH1 (15 of 196; 7.7%), IDH2 (14 of 196; 7.1%), and ASXL1 (13 of 196; 6.6%). The incidence of aGVHD was higher in patients older than 45 years old with DTA mutations (DNMT3A, TET2 or ASXL1). DNMT3A mutation but not with TET2 or ASXL1 mutation was an independent risk factor for aGVHD in patients receiving allo-HSCT older than 45 years old. With a median follow-up of 42.7 months, CH mutations were not associated with overall survival and leukemia-free survival. CONCLUSIONS DNMT3A mutation, but not TET2 or ASXL1 mutation, was associated with higher incidence of aGVHD.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on a MonoMAC syndrome case admitted in October 2022 to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The patient, a 16-year-old female with a history of persistent monocytopenia and mild anemia for several years, experienced recurrent symptoms of cough, expectoration, and fever, leading to multiple visits to the hospital. The diagnosis of MonoMAC syndrome was confirmed through comprehensive assessments including routine blood tests, pathogen metagenomic sequencing, lung and bone marrow biopsies, and next-generation sequencing of peripheral blood. The patient underwent haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a smooth course of transplantation, achieving neutrophil engraftment on + 16 d and platelet engraftment on + 17 d, eventually restoring normal monocyte and NK cell counts. MonoMAC syndrome patients often initially present with infectious symptoms, and the diagnosis can be established based on significant monocytopenia in routine blood tests, history of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections, and GATA2 germline mutations. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be required for some patients to improve their prognosis.
回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院2022年10月收治的1例MonoMAC综合征病例，女性，16岁，有多年外周血单核细胞数减少及轻度贫血病史，因\"反复咳嗽咯痰伴发热\"在浙江大学医学院附属第一医院多次就诊，最终结合血常规、病原学宏基因组测序、肺穿刺活检、骨髓穿刺活检及外周血二代测序等检查，诊断为MonoMAC综合征，并接受单倍体造血干细胞移植。患者移植过程较顺利，+16 d粒细胞植入，+17 d血小板植入，最终单核细胞数和NK细胞数恢复正常。MonoMAC综合征患者常因感染症状首次就诊，结合血常规中单核细胞明显减低，非结核分枝杆菌感染史、GATA2胚系突变等检查结果可确诊。部分患者需行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗以改善预后。.

Twelve DEK-NUP214 fusion gene-positive patients with acute myeloid leukemia and on allo-HSCT treatment at the Hematology Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from November 2016 to August 2022 were included in the study, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. The patients comprised five men and seven women with a median age of 34 (16-52) years. At the time of diagnosis, all the patients were positive for the DEK-NUP214 fusion gene. Chromosome karyotyping analysis showed t (6;9) (p23;q34) translocation in 10 patients (two patients did not undergo chromosome karyotyping analysis), FLT3-ITD mutation was detected in 11 patients, and high expression of WT1 was observed in 11 patients. Nine patients had their primary disease in the first complete remission state before transplantation, one patient had no disease remission, and two patients were in a recurrent state. All patients received myeloablative pretreatment, five patients received sibling allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and seven patients received haploid hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The median number of mononuclear cells in the transplant was 10.87 (7.09-17.89) ×10(8)/kg, and the number of CD34(+) cells was 3.29 (2.53-6.10) ×10(6)/kg. All patients achieved blood reconstruction, with a median time of 14 (10-20) days for neutrophil implantation and 15 (9-27) days for platelet implantation. The 1 year transplant-related mortality rate after transplantation was 21.2%. The cumulative recurrence rates 1 and 3 years after transplantation were 25.0% and 50.0%, respectively. The leukemia free survival rates were (65.6±14.0) % and (65.6±14.0) %, respectively. The overall survival rates were (72.2±13.8) % and (72.2±13.8) %, respectively.
2016年11月至2022年8月期间，12例DEK-NUP214融合基因阳性急性髓系白血病患者在中国医学科学院血液病医院接受异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）。12例患者中男5例，女7例，中位年龄34（16~52）岁。12例患者初诊时均检出DEK-NUP214融合基因阳性，10例患者染色体核型分析显示t（6;9）（p23;q34）易位（2例患者未行染色体核型分析），11例患者检出FLT3-ITD突变，11例患者检出WT1高表达。9例患者allo-HSCT前处于第一次完全缓解状态，1例患者疾病未缓解，2例患者处于复发状态。所有患者均接受清髓性预处理，5例患者接受同胞全相合造血干细胞移植，7例患者接受单倍体造血干细胞移植。移植物单个核细胞中位数为10.87（7.09~17.89）×10(8)/kg，CD34(+)细胞中位数为3.29（2.53~6.10）×10(6)/kg。所有患者均获得造血重建，粒细胞植入中位时间为14（10~20）d，血小板植入中位时间为15（9~27）d。移植后1年移植相关死亡率为21.2%。移植后1、3年累积复发率分别为25.0%、50.0%，无白血病生存率为（65.6±14.0）%，总生存率为（72.2±13.8）%。.

Objective: The outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for myelodysplastic syndromes-evolved acute myeloid leukemia (MDS-AML) were explored. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted for 54 patients with MDS-AML treated with allo-HSCT in the Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital from January 2018 to August 2022. The clinical effects after transplantation were observed, and the related risk factors influencing prognosis were explored. Results: Of the total 54 patients, 26 males, 28 females, and 53 patients achieved hematopoietic reconstruction. After a median follow-up of 597 (15-1 934) days, the 1 year overall survival (OS) rate, disease-free survival (DFS) rate, relapse rate (CIR) and non-relapse mortality (NRM) rate were 75.8%±5.8%, 72.1%±6.1%, 12.7%±4.9%, and 17.1%±5.2%, respectively. The 3 year estimated OS, DFS, CIR, and NRM rates were 57.8%±7.5%, 58.1%±7.2%, 23.2%±6.6%, and 23.7%±6.6%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) was 57.5%±6.9%, and the cumulative incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) was 48.4%±7.7%. Hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) before transplantation was ≥2, minimal residual disease (MRD) was positive on the day of reconstitution, grade Ⅲ/Ⅳ aGVHD, bacterial or fungal infection and no cGVHD after transplantation were adverse prognostic factors for OS (P<0.05). COX regression model for multivariate analysis showed that HCT-CI score before transplantation, bone marrow MRD on the day of response, grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ aGVHD, and cGVHD after transplantation were the independent adverse factors for OS (P=0.001, HR=6.981, 95%CI 2.186-22.300; P=0.010, HR=6.719, 95%CI 1.572-28.711; P=0.026, HR=3.386, 95%CI 1.158-9.901; P=0.006, HR=0.151, 95%CI 0.039-0.581) . Conclusion: For patients with MDS-AML and high risk of relapse, allogeneic transplantation must be considered as soon as possible. The enhanced management of post-transplantation complications and maintenance treatment should be provided whenever possible after transplantation.
目的： 评估异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）治疗骨髓增生异常综合征转化急性髓系白血病（MDS-AML）的疗效。 方法： 收集2018年1月至2022年8月在中国医学科学院血液病医院接受allo-HSCT的MDS-AML患者，对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果： 54例患者纳入研究，男26例，女28例，中位年龄46（9~57）岁。53例患者获得粒系造血重建。中位随访597（15~1 934）d。移植后1年总生存（OS）率、无病生存（DFS）率分别为（75.8±5.8）%、（72.1±6.1）%，累积复发率（CIR）为（12.7±4.9）%，非复发死亡率（NRM）为（17.1±5.2）%；移植后3年OS率、DFS率分别为（57.8±7.5）%、（58.1±7.2）%，CIR为（23.2±6.6）%，NRM为（23.7±6.6）%。急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）累积发生率为（57.5±6.9）%，慢性移植物抗宿主病（cGVHD）累积发生率为（48.4±7.7）%。单因素分析显示，移植前造血干细胞移植合并症指数（HCT-CI）评分≥2分、造血植入时骨髓微小残留病（MRD）阳性、发生Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD、发生细菌/真菌感染以及未发生cGVHD是影响OS的不良因素（P<0.05）。多因素因素分析显示，HCT-CI评分≥2分（P=0.001，HR=6.981，95%CI 2.186~22.300）、造血植入时骨髓MRD阳性（P=0.010，HR=6.719，95%CI 572~28.711）、发生Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD（P=0.026，HR=3.386，95%CI 1.158~9.901）以及cGVHD（P=0.006，HR=0.151，95%CI 0.039~0.581）是影响OS的独立危险因素。 结论： 对于高复发风险的MDS-AML患者，可考虑早期进行allo-HSCT，移植后加强并发症的处理以及在患者病情允许下尽早开始维持治疗。.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of gilteritinib (Gilt) -based combination therapy bridging allo-HSCT for FLT3-ITD(+) R/R AML. Additionally, it aims to assess the impact of Gilt maintenance therapy on the prognosis of patients after allo-HSCT. Methods: The clinical data of 26 patients with FLT3-ITD(+) R/R AML treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from August 2019 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The analysis included an assessment of the composite complete remission rate (CRc), overall survival (OS) time, disease-free survival (DFS) time, and adverse events experienced by all enrolled patients. Results: A total of 26 patients with FLT3-ITD(+) R/R AML were enrolled, including 14 men and 12 women with a median age of 38 (18-65) years. A total of 18 cases were refractory, and eight cases were relapsed. The curative effect evaluation conducted between 14 and 21 days showed that the complete remission (CR) rate was 26.9% (7/26), the CR with hematology incomplete recovery was 57.7% (15/26), and the partial response (PR) rate was 7.7% (2/26). The CRc was 84.6% (22/26), and the minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity rate was 65.4%. The 12 month cumulative OS rate for all patients was 79.0%, and the 24 month cumulative OS rate was 72.0%. The median OS time was not determined. The median follow-up time was 16.0 months. Among the patients who responded to treatment, the 12 month cumulative DFS rate was 78.0%, and the 24 month cumulative DFS rate was 71.0%. The median DFS time was not determined. Patients who received allo-HSCT had a median OS time that was significantly longer than those who did not receive allo-HSCT (3.3 months, 95%CI 2.2-4.3 months, P=0.005). The median OS time of patients with or without Gilt maintenance therapy after allo-HSCT was not determined, but the OS time of patients with Gilt maintenance therapy after allo-HSCT treatment was longer than that of patients without Gilt maintenance therapy after allo-HSCT treatment (P=0.019). The FLT3-ITD mutation clearance rate in this study was 38.5%, and the median OS time of patients with FLT3-ITD mutation clearance was not determined but was significantly longer than the median OS of patients without FLT3-ITD mutation clearance (15.0 months; P=0.018). The most common grade 3 and above hematological adverse events of Gilt-based combination therapy included leukopenia (76.9%), neutropenia (76.9%), febrile neutropenia (61.5%), thrombocytopenia (69.2%), and anemia (57.7%). One patient developed differentiation syndrome during oral Gilt maintenance therapy after allo-HSCT treatment, but his condition improved after treatment. Conclusion: The Gilt-based combination therapy is highly effective in treating FLT3-ITD(+) R/R AML. It demonstrates a high CRc, MRD negativity rate, and rapid onset, leading to a significant improvement in patients\' survival. Furthermore, the clearance rate of FLT3-ITD mutation is notably high. Additionally, implementing bridging allo-HSCT and Gilt maintenance therapy after allo-HSCT treatment has considerably enhances patients\' survival. Closely monitoring and managing any adverse event that may occur during treatment are crucial.
目的： 探讨Gilteritinib（Gilt）为基础的方案桥接异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）对伴FMS样酪氨酸激酶3（FLT3）基因内部串联重复（ITD）突变的复发难治性急性髓系白血病（R/R AML）患者的安全性、有效性，以及移植后Gilt维持治疗对FLT3-ITD阳性R/R AML患者预后的影响。 方法： 回顾性分析2019年8月至2023年1月苏州大学附属第一医院收治的26例伴FLT3-ITD突变的R/R AML患者。统计所有纳入患者的复合完全缓解（CRc）率、总生存（OS）期、无病生存（DFS）期和不良反应。 结果： 26例FLT3-ITD突变阳性R/R AML患者中，男14例，女12例，中位年龄38（18~65）岁。难治18例，复发8例。用药第14~21天疗效：完全缓解（CR）率为26.9%（7/26），CR伴血液学不完全恢复（CRi）率为57.7%（15/26），部分缓解（PR）率为7.7%（2/26），CRc率为84.6%（22/26），微小残留病（MRD）转阴率为65.4%。所有患者12、24个月累计OS率分别为79.0%和72.0%。中位OS期未达到。中位随访时间为16.0个月。全部治疗有效患者12、24个月累计DFS率分别为78.0%和71.0%。中位DFS期未达到。接受allo-HSCT的患者中位OS期未达到，较未接受allo-HSCT的患者（3.3个月，95%CI 2.2~4.3个月）显著延长（P=0.005）。移植后是否应用Gilt维持治疗的患者中位OS期均未达到，且移植后维持治疗的患者OS明显优于移植后未进行维持治疗的患者（P=0.019）。本研究中FLT3-ITD基因突变清除率为38.5%，且FLT3-ITD基因突变转阴的患者中位OS期未达到，明显长于未转阴的患者（15.0个月）（P=0.018）。Gilt为基础的方案最常见的3级及以上血液学不良反应包括白细胞减少（76.9%）、中性粒细胞减少（76.9%）、中性粒细胞减少性发热（61.5%）、血小板减少（69.2%）和贫血（57.7%）。其中1例患者在移植后口服Gilt维持治疗时出现分化综合征，治疗后好转。 结论： Gilt为基础的方案桥接allo-HSCT治疗FLT3-ITD突变阳性R/R AML患者的CRc率较高，MRD转阴率也较高，起效迅速，有效延长患者生存期。此外，FLT3-ITD基因突变清除率较高，且桥接移植和移植后Gilt维持治疗明显改善患者生存。治疗过程中不良事件的监测和管理至关重要。.

暂无摘要。

UNASSIGNED: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is associated with immune complications and endothelial dysfunction due to intricate donor-recipient interactions, conditioning regimens, and inflammatory responses.
UNASSIGNED: This study investigated the role of the complement system during HSCT and its interaction with the cytokine network. Seventeen acute myeloid leukemia patients undergoing HSCT were monitored, including blood sampling from the start of the conditioning regimen until four weeks post-transplant. Clinical follow-up was 200 days.
UNASSIGNED: Total complement functional activity was measured by WIELISA and the degree of complement activation by ELISA measurement of sC5b-9. Cytokine release was measured using a 27-multiplex immuno-assay. At all time-points during HSCT complement functional activity remained comparable to healthy controls. Complement activation was continuously stable except for two patients demonstrating increased activation, consistent with severe endotheliopathy and infections. In vitro experiments with post-HSCT whole blood challenged with Escherichia coli, revealed a hyperinflammatory cytokine response with increased TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 formation. Complement C3 inhibition markedly reduced the cytokine response induced by Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and cholesterol crystals.
UNASSIGNED: In conclusion, HSCT patients generally retained a fully functional complement system, whereas activation occurred in patients with severe complications. The complement-cytokine interaction indicates the potential for new complement-targeting therapeutic strategies in HSCT.

暂无摘要。

Recurrent opportunistic infections (OIs) in patients with severely immunosuppressed AIDS remain an unresolved medical challenge despite advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART). To address this gap, we developed an HLA-mismatched allogeneic adoptive immune therapy (AAIT) specifically targeting this patient population. The safety and efficacy of this novel therapeutic approach were preliminarily confirmed in our phase 1 trial. Subsequently, a multicenter, open-label, controlled, phase 2a trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of AAIT in combination with ART compared with the conventional ART-only regimen. No difference in the incidence of adverse events (AEs) was observed between the two groups at the 96-week follow-up. AAIT treatment improved CD4+ T cell recovery at weeks 72 (P = 0.048) and 96 (P = 0.024) compared to the Control Group. Additionally, stratified analysis of patients in the AAIT Group showed that donor/recipient sex mismatch was significantly associated with the likelihood of patients achieving an immunological response (OR = 8.667; 95% CI, 2.010-37.377; P = 0.004). These findings suggest that AAIT serves as a promising adjunct therapy for improving the outcomes of patients with severely immunosuppressed AIDS. Further studies are needed to elucidate the immunological mechanisms underlying AAIT and identify the subpopulations that respond optimally to this therapeutic approach. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04098770).Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04098770.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02651376.