This article addresses the impact of transient pressure anomalies in hydraulic systems, triggered by the opening or closing of valves or pumps, instantly disturbing the line of hydraulic gradient (LGH). This variation in pressure has significant consequences both in hydraulic and structural terms for water networks. Most of the existing techniques to detect transients in water distribution systems use asynchronous methods, generating timeless information that limits the response capacity in critical situations. Therefore, an automatic transient detection system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed, capable of identifying overpressure or underpressure pulses in soft real-time, activating alarms to facilitate decision-making. This approach helps maintain the safety of the water distribution system and prevent leaks in the network. Furthermore, a model of the transient behavior of pressure and flow is presented by linearizing the water hammer equations from the Laplace transform, thus generating a transfer function that describes the algebraic relationship between the outlet and inlet of the hydraulic system.•The transient analysis of the hydraulic system prototype underscores its high sensitivity to initial conditions, attributed to turbulence. This observation suggests the possible presence of a dynamic strange attractor related to water hammer phenomena in pressure pipes.•The methodology involving transfer functions and state-space models enables the assessment of how leaks impact the transient responses of the system, including the magnitude, duration, and frequency of disturbances generated by them.•The proposed method introduces a dynamic transfer function capable of identifying instantaneous changes over time in terms of flow and pressure.

Decline of the dissolved oxygen in the ocean is a growing concern, as it may eventually lead to global anoxia, an elevated mortality of marine fauna and even a mass extinction. Deoxygenation of the ocean often results in the formation of oxygen minimum zones (OMZ): large domains where the abundance of oxygen is much lower than that in the surrounding ocean environment. Factors and processes resulting in the OMZ formation remain controversial. We consider a conceptual model of coupled plankton-oxygen dynamics that, apart from the plankton growth and the oxygen production by phytoplankton, also accounts for the difference in the timescales for phyto- and zooplankton (making it a \"slow-fast system\") and for the implicit effect of upper trophic levels resulting in density dependent (nonlinear) zooplankton mortality. The model is investigated using a combination of analytical techniques and numerical simulations. The slow-fast system is decomposed into its slow and fast subsystems. The critical manifold of the slow-fast system and its stability is then studied by analyzing the bifurcation structure of the fast subsystem. We obtain the canard cycles of the slow-fast system for a range of parameter values. However, the system does not allow for persistent relaxation oscillations; instead, the blowup of the canard cycle results in plankton extinction and oxygen depletion. For the spatially explicit model, the earlier works in this direction did not take into account the density dependent mortality rate of the zooplankton, and thus could exhibit Turing pattern. However, the inclusion of the density dependent mortality into the system can lead to stationary Turing patterns. The dynamics of the system is then studied near the Turing bifurcation threshold. We further consider the effect of the self-movement of the zooplankton along with the turbulent mixing. We show that an initial non-uniform perturbation can lead to the formation of an OMZ, which then grows in size and spreads over space. For a sufficiently large timescale separation, the spread of the OMZ can result in global anoxia.

UNASSIGNED: with imported malaria cases in a given population, the question arises as to what extent the local cases are a consequence of the imports or not. We perform a modeling analysis for a specific area, in a region aspiring for malaria-free status.
UNASSIGNED: data on malaria cases over ten years is subjected to a compartmental model which is assumed to be operating close to the equilibrium state. Two of the parameters of the model are fitted to the decadal data. The other parameters in the model are sourced from the literature. The model is utilized to simulate the malaria prevalence with or without imported cases.
UNASSIGNED: in any given year the annual average of 460 imported cases, resulted in an end-of-year season malaria prevalence of 257 local active infectious cases, whereas without the imports the malaria prevalence at the end of the season would have been fewer than 10 active infectious cases. We calculate the numerical value of the basic reproduction number for the model, which reveals the extent to which the disease is being eliminated from the population or not.
UNASSIGNED: without the imported cases, over the ten seasons of malaria, 2008-2018, the KwaZulu-Natal province would have been malaria-free over at least the last 7 years of the decade indicated. This simple methodology works well even in situations where data is limited.

Representative single anisotropic matrix block 2D Green\'s function models for depletion through fully-penetrating, vertical fractures through different numbers of fracture faces are constructed that analytically capture both fracture and block depletion with fracture-matrix mass transfer. The 1D Green\'s function for a fracture system is likewise solved in terms of the time evolution of average fracture pressure. While transient average pressure values are not inherently measurable, they are transformed into cumulative production or instantaneous flowrate values, thus producing new rate decline model functional forms. Primary variables in assembling the interacting systems model are the volume ratio, Vf /Vm, permeability ratio, kf /kx, and geometry, (a/b)(ky/kx), with the last term accounting for both block shape and permeability anisotropy. We construct interacting systems models in terms of various ratios of Vf /Vm, and kf /kx for three fracture architecture prototypes: representative matrix blocks depleted by 4, 2, or 1 contacting fractures. The single matrix block models can be migrated to ones for heterogeneous systems using superposition and matrix block distributions, as demonstrated with a binary distribution of block sizes with variable fractions. Analytic solutions for rate decline problems can be used to understand the production signatures of naturally fractured reservoirs and interpretation of fracture volume fraction, permeability ratio, average matrix block size, and measures of heterogeneity.

The use of fast transients for fault detection in long transmission networks makes the generation of controlled transients crucial. In order to maximise the information that can be extracted from the measured pressure time history (pressure signal), the transients must meet certain requirements. In particular, the manoeuvre that generates the transient must be fast and repeatable, and must produce a pressure wave that is as sharp as possible, without spurious pressure oscillations. This implies the use of small-diameter valves and often pneumatically operated automatic valves. In the present work, experimental transient tests are carried out at the Water Engineering Laboratory (WEL) of the University of Perugia using a butterfly valve and a ball pneumatic-driven valve to generate pressure waves in a pressurised copper pipe. A camera is used to monitor the valve displacement, while the pressure is measured by a pressure transducer close to the downstream end of the pipe where the pneumatic valve is installed. The experimental data are analysed to characterise the valve performance and to compare the two geometries in terms of valve closing dynamics, the sharpness of the generated pressure wave and the stability of the pressure time history. The present work demonstrates how the proposed approach can be very effective in easily characterising the transient dynamics.

UNASSIGNED: The temporal dynamics of morphogen presentation impacts transcriptional responses and tissue patterning. However, the mechanisms controlling morphogen release are far from clear. We found that inwardly rectifying potassium (Irk) channels regulate endogenous transient increases in intracellular calcium and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP/Dpp) release for Drosophila wing development. Inhibition of Irk channels reduces BMP/Dpp signaling, and ultimately disrupts wing morphology. Ion channels impact development of several tissues and organisms in which BMP signaling is essential. In neurons and pancreatic beta cells, Irk channels modulate membrane potential to affect intracellular Ca++ to control secretion of neurotransmitters and insulin. Based on Irk activity in neurons, we hypothesized that electrical activity controls endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca++ release into the cytoplasm to regulate the release of BMP.
UNASSIGNED: To test this hypothesis, we reduced expression of four proteins that control ER calcium, Stromal interaction molecule 1 (Stim), Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai), SarcoEndoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA), small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK), and Bestrophin 2 (Best2) using RNAi and documented wing phenotypes. We use live imaging to study calcium and Dpp release within pupal wings and larval wing discs. Additionally, we employed immunohistochemistry to characterize Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (SMAD) phosphorylation downstream of the BMP/Dpp pathway following RNAi knockdown.
UNASSIGNED: We found that reduced Stim and SERCA function decreases amplitude and frequency of endogenous calcium transients in the wing disc and reduced BMP/Dpp release.
UNASSIGNED: Our results suggest control of ER calcium homeostasis is required for BMP/Dpp release, and Drosophila wing development.

Temporal variations in the chemistry of infiltrating water into the subsurface are known to cause remobilization of colloids from the grain surfaces, thereby increasing the travel distance of the colloidal contaminants. Hence, it is essential to thoroughly understand the transport, deposition, and release mechanisms of colloids in the subsurface, through laboratory experiments and modeling. There are only a few experiments in which the chemistry of inflow water is changed rapidly during colloid transport. Also, although some models have been presented for simulating the effect of transient chemistry on the fate of colloids, there is no consensus in this regard, as the proposed models suffer from shortcomings. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of temporal variations in ionic strength on the remobilization of deposited colloids in saturated porous media through laboratory column experiments and numerical modeling. Four sets of column experiments were performed, in which we injected carboxylate-modified latex colloids at a given ionic strength for a specified period. After breakthrough of colloids, the ionic strength of inflowing water was decreased in a stepwise manner to 0 mM (DI water). The initial ionic strength values of the four experiments were 100, 50, 25, and 10 mM. We observed partial release of deposited colloids after several steps of ionic strength decrease with significant release observed only when the ionic strength was reduced to below 10 mM. We also found that the fraction of released colloids decreased with increasing value of initial ionic strength of inflow water. We have developed a mathematical model incorporating a novel formulation for ionic strength-dependent deposition and release. The model is found to capture the colloid breakthrough curves reasonably well for all experiments with the same set of parameter values, except the one at the initial ionic strength of 25 mM.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, more than 200 million people have left their home country, and international migration from the Middle East to Europe is increasing. The journey and the poor living conditions cause numerous health problems. Migrants show significant differences in lifestyle, health beliefs and risk factors compared with native populations and this can impact access to health systems and participation in prevention programmes.
OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to measure the attitude of survey participants to migrants and to define up to what level migrants are entitled to health care from the viewpoint of Slovenian citizens.
METHODS: This survey was carried out in January 2019 and included 311 respondents. We applied a quantitative, nonexperimental sampling method. We used a structured survey questionnaire based on an overview, a national survey on the experiences of patients in hospitals and user satisfaction with medical services of basic health care at the primary level.
RESULTS: A large proportion of the respondents agreed that migrants should receive emergency or full health care provision, that there is no need to limit their health rights and that they do not feel that their own rights are compromised by the rights of migrants. Over 80% agreed with health protection for women and for children.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings offer a basis for supplementing the existing, or designing a new, model of health care provision for migrants in Slovenia, focusing on the provision of health protection and care as a fundamental human right.
الرأي العام بشأن أهلية المهاجرين واللاجئين للحصول على الرعاية الصحية في سلوفينيا.
ماروسا كولار، إيجور لوكسيتش، برانكو جابروفيتش.
UNASSIGNED: غادر أكثر من 200 مليون شخص أوطانهم في جميع أنحاء العالم، وتتزايد الهجرة الدولية من الشرق الأوسط إلى أوروبا. وتتسبب رحلة الهجرة والظروف المعيشية السيئة في مشاكل صحية عديدة. ويُظهر المهاجرون اختلافات كبيرة في نمط الحياة والمعتقدات الصحية وعوامل الخطر مقارنةً بالسكان الأصليين، ويمكن أن يؤثر ذلك على إمكانية الوصول إلى النُّظُم الصحية والمشاركة في برامج الوقاية.
UNASSIGNED: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى قياس موقف المشاركين في المسح من المهاجرين وتحديد إلى أي مدى يحق للمهاجرين الحصول على الرعاية الصحية من وجهة نظر المواطنين السلوفينيين.
طُرق البحث: أُجري هذا المسح في يناير/كانون الثاني 2019 وشمل 311 مشاركًا. وطبَّقنا طريقة كميَّة غير تجريبية لأخذ العينات. واستخدمنا مسحًا منظَّمً استند إلى لمحة عامة، ومسحًا وطنيًّا حول تجارب المرضى في المستشفيات ورضا المستخدمين عن الخدمات الطبية للرعاية الصحية الأساسية في المستوى الأولي.
UNASSIGNED: وافقت نسبة كبيرة من المستجيبين على ضرورة حصول المهاجرين على الرعاية الصحية الطارئة أو الكاملة، وعدم الحاجة إلى الحد من حقوقهم الصحية، وأنهم لا يشعرون بانتقاص حقوقهم بسبب حصول المهاجرين على حقوقهم. ووافق أكثر من 80٪ منهم على الحماية الصحية للنساء والأطفال.
UNASSIGNED: توفِّر النتائج أساسًا لاستكمال النموذج الحالي لتوفير الرعاية الصحية للمهاجرين في سلوفينيا أو تصميم نموذج جديد، مع التركيز على توفير الحماية والرعاية الصحية باعتبار ذلك حقًا أساسيًّا من حقوق الإنسان.
Opinion publique sur l\'admissibilité des migrants et des réfugiés pour les soins de santé en Slovénie.
BACKGROUND: Dans le monde, plus de 200 millions de personnes ont quitté leur pays d\'origine, et les migrations internationales du Moyen-Orient vers l\'Europe sont en augmentation. Le périple entrepris par ces personnes ainsi que leurs mauvaises conditions de vie causent de nombreux problèmes de santé. Les migrants présentent des différences significatives en termes de mode de vie, de croyances en matière de santé et de facteurs de risque par rapport aux populations autochtones, ce qui peut avoir un impact sur l\'accès aux systèmes de santé et la participation aux programmes de prévention.
OBJECTIVE: La présente enquête visait à mesurer l\'attitude des participants vis-à-vis des migrants et à définir dans quelle mesure les migrants ont droit aux soins de santé du point de vue des citoyens slovènes.
UNASSIGNED: Cette enquête a été réalisée en janvier 2019 auprès de 311 répondants. Nous avons appliqué une méthode d\'échantillonnage quantitatif non expérimentale. Nous avons utilisé un questionnaire d\'enquête structuré basé sur une vue d\'ensemble, ainsi qu\'une enquête nationale sur les expériences des patients dans les hôpitaux et sur la satisfaction des utilisateurs vis-à-vis des services de soins de santé de base au niveau primaire.
UNASSIGNED: Une grande partie des personnes interrogées ont convenu que les migrants devraient recevoir des soins de santé d\'urgence ou complets et qu\'il n\'est pas nécessaire de limiter leurs droits en matière de santé, et ont indiqué ne pas avoir le sentiment que leurs propres droits sont compromis par ceux des migrants. Plus de 80 % des répondants approuvaient l\'idée d\'une protection de la santé pour les femmes et les enfants.
CONCLUSIONS: Les résultats de l\'enquête offrent une base pour compléter le modèle existant ou concevoir un nouveau modèle de prestation de soins de santé pour les migrants en Slovénie, avec pour axe principal l\'accès à une protection de la santé et aux soins de santé en tant que droit humain fondamental.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, immigrant status and being a member of the LGBT+ community are all independent factors associated with increased stress levels. Few studies provide more complex analysis on this issue, and there has been no research on the cumulative burden of perceived stress that people belonging to both minorities experience in the current epidemiological situation. The aim of this study was to assess the ability to deal with an external situation during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in the following groups with different stress levels (total sample n = 370): Polish heterosexual men (n = 202), heterosexual men from Ukraine (n = 131) and homo- and bisexual men (men who have sex with men-MSM) from Ukraine (n = 37). A Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used. The analysis of the survey did not show statistically significant differences between the three study groups in the general level of perceived stress (24.71, 24.77 and 26.49 points, respectively, p = 0.551), but it revealed numerous differences in coping with various aspects of everyday functioning between these groups. Negative assessment of one\'s own health proved to be the main factor negatively affecting the level of perceived stress, however specific health risks, medical history or the participants\' previous experience have not been taken into account in the study. Our research shows differences in the needs, resources and methods of coping with stress between men who are Polish citizens and migrants from Ukraine, both heterosexual and belonging to the MSM group. Proper identification and addressing of these needs, taking into account different availability of health services, could be the responsibility of NGOs or insurance providers. This should result in the reduction of mental health burdens and the risk of developing serious mental disorders, and consequently in better functioning of persons belonging to minorities and in a reduced burden on the health care system.

In order to develop systems capable of artificial evolution, we need to identify which systems can produce complex behavior. We present a novel classification method applicable to any class of deterministic discrete space and time dynamical systems. The method is based on classifying the asymptotic behavior of the average computation time in a given system before entering a loop. We were able to identify a critical region of behavior that corresponds to a phase transition from ordered behavior to chaos across various classes of dynamical systems. To show that our approach can be applied to many different computational systems, we demonstrate the results of classifying cellular automata, Turing machines, and random Boolean networks. Further, we use this method to classify 2D cellular automata to automatically find those with interesting, complex dynamics. We believe that our work can be used to design systems in which complex structures emerge. Also, it can be used to compare various versions of existing attempts to model open-ended evolution (Channon, 2006; Ofria & Wilke, 2004; Ray, 1991).