UNASSIGNED: The purpose of this study was to analyze optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of generative adversarial networks (GANs) for the prediction of diabetic macular edema after long-term treatment.
UNASSIGNED: Diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes (n = 327) underwent anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments every 4 weeks for 52 weeks from a randomized controlled trial (CRTH258B2305, KINGFISHER) were included. OCT B-scan images through the foveal center at weeks 0, 4, 12, and 52, fundus photography, and retinal thickness (RT) maps were collected. GAN models were trained to generate probable OCT images after treatment. Input for each model were comprised of either the baseline B-scan alone or combined with additional OCT, thickness map, or fundus images. Generated OCT B-scan images were compared with real week 52 images.
UNASSIGNED: For 30 test images, 28, 29, 15, and 30 gradable OCT images were generated by CycleGAN, UNIT, Pix2PixHD, and RegGAN, respectively. In comparison with the real week 52, these GAN models showed positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, specificity, and kappa for residual fluid ranging from 0.500 to 0.889, 0.455 to 1.000, 0.357 to 0.857, and 0.537 to 0.929, respectively. For hard exudate (HE), they were ranging from 0.500 to 1.000, 0.545 to 0.900, 0.600 to 1.000, and 0.642 to 0.894, respectively. Models trained with week 4 and 12 B-scans as additional inputs to the baseline B-scan showed improved performance.
UNASSIGNED: GAN models could predict residual fluid and HE after long-term anti-VEGF treatment of DME.
UNASSIGNED: The implementation of this tool may help identify potential nonresponders after long-term treatment, thereby facilitating management planning for these eyes.

This study is aimed to investigate the effect of hemodialysis (HD) on the lamina cribrosa (LC) of the optic nerve head (ONH) using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and other ophthalmological parameters in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This prospective observational study included 29 patients who underwent HD for ESKD. ONH parameters including neural canal diameter (NCD), peripapillary vertical height (PVH), and anterior LC depth (LCD), were assessed using SS-OCT. Changes in the ONH parameters before and after HD were statistically analysed. Correlations between changes in the LCD and other ocular and systemic measurements were identified using Pearson\'s correlation analyses. The mean anterior LCD significantly decreased from 441.6 ± 139.8 μm before HD to 413.5 ± 141.7 μm after HD (P = 0.001). Mean NCD and PVH did not show significant changes after HD (P = 0.841 and P = 0.574, respectively). A significant correlation was found between changes in the anterior LCD and the mean ocular perfusion pressure (r = 0.397, P = 0.036). We observed a significant decrease in anterior LCD after HD. Our study suggests that HD can influence the ONH, especially in the LC.

OBJECTIVE: To review long-term outcomes of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH).
METHODS: Hospital charts of all CCH cases diagnosed from 2008 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed.
RESULTS: All 172 patients were managed with either observation, transpupillary thermotherapy, argon laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, plaque brachytherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery. The most common 3 modes of management were clinical observation (30.2%), transpupillary thermotherapy (52.9%) and argon laser photocoagulation (8.7%). Median follow-up time was 10 months (range: 3, 160). Anatomical outcomes were stable in 87.1% of observation group and improved in 60.5% of thermotherapy group. Quantified optical coherence tomography angiography findings showed statistical differences in vascular and perfusion densities in fellow eyes of hemangioma patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma can be treated in various ways. Transpupillary thermotherapy is an anatomically effective treatment in selected cases. The diagnosis of CCH may have vascular implications in fellow eyes of the patients.

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This retrospective case series study included 15 patients (28 eyes) diagnosed with AMN at the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, from November 2022 to January 2023. The AMN group comprised 4 males and 11 females, with a mean age of (31.36±8.08) years. A control group of 15 individuals [5 males, 10 females; mean age (33.20±5.10) years] who had COVID-19 but did not develop AMN was also included. Data collected for all patients included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus examination, color fundus photography, fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) results. Serum cytokine levels, including interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured for both groups. Results: Among the 28 eyes, severe vision loss (BCVA≤0.3) was observed in 3 eyes (10.7%), moderate vision loss (BCVA>0.3 and≤0.5) in 2 eyes (13.3%), and mild vision loss (BCVA>0.5 and≤1.0) in 23 eyes (82.1%). OCT findings in all 28 eyes revealed hyperreflectivity of the outer nuclear layer and disruption of outer retinal structure. Additionally, 3 eyes (10.7%) exhibited cotton wool spots in the posterior pole, 2 eyes (7.1%) showed mild cystoid macular edema with intraretinal hyperreflective dots, and 1 eye (3.6%) presented with paracentral acute middle maculopathy. FFA indicated retinal vasculitis in 2 cases (4 eyes, 14.3%). Serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-α, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in the AMN group compared to the control group: IL-4 [4.49 (3.66, 6.08) vs. 1.40 (0.62, 1.68) pg/ml], IL-5 [7.34 (5.04, 14.06) vs. 0.17 (0.11, 1.86) pg/ml], IFN-α [8.42 (6.31, 14.89) vs. 0.50 (0.30, 0.83) pg/ml], and IFN-γ [17.93 (12.75, 32.44) vs. 7.43 (0.00, 14.74) pg/ml], with all differences being statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion: AMN following COVID-19 can present with wedge-shaped dark red lesions in the macular area, often accompanied by cotton wool spots and retinal vasculitis. Additionally, there is a significant elevation in various inflammatory cytokines in the serum.
目的： 探讨新型冠状病毒感染后的急性神经视网膜病变（AMN）的临床特征。 方法： 回顾性病例系列研究。收集2022年11月至2023年1月在北京大学第三医院眼科诊断为AMN的15例（28只眼）新型冠状病毒感染者资料作为AMN组，其中男性4例，女性患者11例，年龄为（31.36±8.08）岁。同期选择新型冠状病毒感染后未发生AMN者15名作为对照组，其中男性5例，女性10例，年龄为（33.20±5.10）岁。收集所有患者的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、裂隙灯检查、散瞳后眼底检查、彩色眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影术（FFA）、相干光层析成像术（OCT）检查结果。对两组受试者进行血清细胞因子检测，包括白细胞介素（IL）类、干扰素（IFN）类以及肿瘤坏死因子α的水平。 结果： 28只眼中，严重视力下降（BCVA≤0.3）者3只眼（10.7%），中度视力下降（BCVA>0.3且≤0.5）者2只眼（13.3%），轻度视力下降（BCVA>0.5且≤1.0）者23只眼（82.1%）。所有28只眼在OCT上均表现为外核层高反射及外层视网膜结构的不连续，其中有3只眼同时伴有后极部视网膜1处或多处棉絮斑（10.7%），2只眼伴有轻度黄斑囊样水肿和视网膜内高反射点（7.1%），1只眼同时伴有旁中心性急性黄斑病变（3.6%）。有2例（4只眼，14.3%）FFA检查结果提示伴有视网膜血管炎。AMN组和对照组血清IL-4分别为4.49（3.66，6.08）和1.40（0.62，1.68）pg/ml、IL-5分别为7.34（5.04，14.06）和0.17（0.11，1.86）pg/ml、IFN-α分别为8.42（6.31，14.89）和0.50（0.30，0.83）pg/ml、IFN-γ分别为17.93（12.75，32.44）和7.43（0.00，14.74）pg/ml，两组差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。 结论： 新型冠状病毒感染后AMN除表现为黄斑区楔形暗红色病灶外，还可合并棉絮斑以及视网膜血管炎，同时伴有血清多种炎症因子的升高。.

Fundus imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosing retinal and choroidal diseases. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), by capturing signals to reconstruct vascular structures, offers a clear depiction of retinal vasculature with notable advantages such as rapid scanning and non-invasiveness. Although OCTA, due to its underlying principles, cannot dynamically assess vascular function, exploring its future applications and potential to eventually replace traditional fundus angiography remains a key focus in the medical community. OCTA provides multiple parameters that conventional fundus angiography cannot obtain. With the expanding coverage area of OCTA scans and improvements in artifact elimination, the detection rate of various retinal and choroidal diseases has significantly increased, making the widespread clinical application of OCTA an inevitable trend. Although ultra-widefield OCTA cannot yet fully replace angiography in clinical practice, with continued clinical practice, expanded clinical research, and ongoing technological innovation, OCTA is expected to gradually replace fundus angiography in the future.
眼底影像学在视网膜和脉络膜疾病的诊断中发挥着关键作用。相干光层析血管成像术（OCTA）通过采集信号重建血管结构，能够清晰地展示视网膜血管情况，具备扫描速度快和无创性等显著优势。尽管由于检测原理限制，OCTA无法动态评估血管功能，但探讨OCTA未来应用的发展趋势及其是否能最终替代眼底血管造影术，仍是当前医学界关注的焦点。OCTA因其能够提供传统眼底血管造影术无法获取的多种参数，且随着OCTA检查结果眼底覆盖面积的扩大及伪影消除能力的提升，其在多种视网膜和脉络膜疾病的识别率已显著提高，OCTA在临床上的广泛应用已是大势所趋。尽管目前超广角OCTA在临床应用中还不能全面替代血管造影术，但随着临床实践的深入、临床研究的扩展以及技术的持续创新，OCTA在未来有望逐步替代眼底血管造影术。.

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UNASSIGNED: To investigate association between optic disc parameters analyzed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and occurrence of peripheral retinal tears in patients with symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study enrolled 75 patients with symptoms of acute PVD, who were allocated into two groups based on whether a peripheral retinal tear occurred or not.
UNASSIGNED: When comparing the average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (μm) between retinal tear and control groups, it was shown that patients with a retinal tear have a significantly higher (87.18 [95% confidence interval (CI), 84.47 to 89.9] vs 81.14 [95% CI, 77.81 to 84.46], P = 0.005) average RNFL thickness. Furthermore, we observed a significant difference (0.13, 0.06 to 0.22 vs 0.07, 0.04 to 0.1, P = 0.036, Mann-Whitney U-test) in the size of cup volume (mm3) between the tear and control groups, respectively. Linear regression showed a significant decrease (P = 0.029) in average RNFL thickness with increasing age, but without a significant difference between the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the tear and control groups in terms of rim area, disc area, and average cup-to-disc ratio.
UNASSIGNED: Patients with a higher average RNFL thickness and larger cup volume measured by OCT were more prone to develop a peripheral retinal tear. Increased peripapillary average RNFL thickness due to trauma and subsequent inflammation, possibly related to the more adherent posterior hyaloid membrane to the retina, may also indicate strengthened adhesions in the areas of the peripheral retina where retinal tears occur. OCT analysis of the optic nerve head may be used in everyday clinical practice as a predictor of the development of peripheral retinal tears in patients with symptomatic PVD.

BACKGROUND: Consumer products such as electrical shavers exert a combination of dynamic loading in the form of pressure and shear on the skin. This mechanical stimulus can lead to discomfort and skin tissue responses characterised as \"Skin Sensitivity\". To minimise discomfort following shaving, there is a need to establish specific stimulus-response relationships using advanced tools such as optical coherence tomography (OCT).
OBJECTIVE: To explore the spatial and temporal changes in skin morphology and microvascular function following an electrical shaving stimulus.
METHODS: Ten healthy male volunteers were recruited. The study included a 60-s electrical shaving stimulus on the forearm, cheek and neck. Skin parameters were recorded at baseline, 20 min post stimulus and 24 h post stimulus. Structural and dynamic skin parameters were estimated using OCT, while transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was recorded to provide reference values for skin barrier function.
RESULTS: At baseline, six of the eight parameters revealed statistically significant differences between the forearm and the facial sites, while only surface roughness (Rq) and reflectivity were statistically different (p < 0.05) between the cheek and neck. At 20 min post shaving, there was a significant increase in the TEWL values accompanied by increased blood perfusion, with varying magnitude of change dependent on the anatomical site. Recovery characteristics were observed 24 h post stimulus with most parameters returning to basal values, highlighting the transient influence of the stimulus.
CONCLUSIONS: OCT parameters revealed spatial and temporal differences in the skin tissue response to electrical shaving. This approach could inform shaver design and prevent skin sensitivity.

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