To orchestrate behaviors for survival, multiple psychological components have evolved. The current theories do not clearly distinguish the distinct components. In this article, we provide a unified theoretical framework. To optimize survival, there should be four components; (1) \"need\", an alarm based on a predicted deficiency. (2) \"motivation\", a direct behavior driver. (3) \"pleasure\", a teacher based on immediate outcomes. (4) \"utility\", a teacher based on final delayed outcomes. For behavior stability, need should be accumulated into motivation to drive behavior. Based on the immediate outcome of the behavior, the pleasure should teach whether to continue the current behavior. Based on the final delay outcome, the utility should teach whether to increase future behavior by reshaping the other three components. We provide several neural substrate candidates in the food context. The proposed theoretical framework, in combination with appropriate experiments, will unravel the neural components responsible for each theoretical component.

The MOLD-US framework has been developed to synthesize knowledge for (usability) researchers on aging- and disease-related barriers that can hamper the use of health information technology (HIT). However, dissemination in terms of practical applications of the framework is currently unknown and could inform industry and researchers for applying MOLD-US in practice, but also provide insights on the use of theoretical frameworks in HIT research. Therefore, a citation analysis was conducted on the paper presenting the MOLD-US framework. Nine of the 241 citations were found to report practical application(s) of the MOLD-US framework in their methods section: (1) qualitative research input (n=3), (2) research design (n=3), (3) design approaches (n=2), and (4) conceptual framework development (n=2). Future work aims to explore MOLDUS-US practical applications in the industry, through for example grey literature, but also continuously monitor novel applications to enhance the development of HIT for the aging population.

Background and Purpose: People with Parkinson\'s disease (PD) are at risk for stigma. The stigma theory suggests four stigma types: public stigma, self-stigma, stigma by association, and structural stigma. The purposes of this study were to understand how people with PD and caregivers perceived and experienced stigma, review the literature and scan social media for evidence of stigma and PD, and examine the interrelationships between stigma types. Methods: This was a multicase, qualitative, descriptive research study. Cases included interviews with people with PD and caregivers, a literature review, and a scan of social media posts for evidence of stigma. Literature and social media were searched; seven people with PD and five caregivers completed the interviews. The stigma theory guided the analysis. Methods to ensure trustworthiness were employed. Results: Public stigma, self-stigma, stigma by association, and structural stigma were evident in the literature and described by caregivers. Public stigma, self-stigma, and structural stigma were described by people with PD. Public stigma was represented in social media posts. Interrelationships between public and self-stigma, public stigma and stigma by association, and self-stigma and structural stigma were identified. Implications for Practice: All stigma types were experienced and negatively affected people with PD and caregivers. Lack of knowledge and awareness caused stigma and should be addressed on multiple levels. Stigma experienced by people with PD was a global phenomenon; therefore, nurses internationally must be aware of their perceptions of and behavior toward people with PD. Engaging the public with people with PD will demystify PD and reduce stigma. Greater understanding of structural stigma and diverse populations and public perceptions is needed.

The health belief model (HBM) has gained significant scholarly attention over the past five decades. This study aims to provide a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the HBM research landscape to reveal its evolving trends and impact. The analysis utilized data from the Scopus database to explore publication patterns, influential sources and researchers, international collaborations, and thematic trends in the HBM-related literature. The findings demonstrate a substantial growth in HBM publications, with a peak of more than 11% in 2022-2023. The United States, Iran, China, the United Kingdom, and Australia are the most productive countries, and prominent HBM researchers include Lau JTF, Champion VL, and Jeihooni AK. Thematic analysis reveals a shift from broader topics of HBM to more specific areas, such as COVID-19, health behavior, and digital health interventions. The current study highlights the sustained and growing interest in HBM, its diverse applications, and the collaborative efforts of researchers worldwide to develop and refine this influential theoretical framework in public health and behavioral science.

Achieving ambitious goals in Global Health first requires an integrative understanding of how individuals and organizations adapt in a living ecosystem. The absence of a unified framework limits the consideration of the issues in their complexity, which further complicates the planning of Global Health programs aimed at articulating population-based prevention and individual-level (clinical) interventions. The aim of the conceptual contribution is to propose such a model. It introduces the Dynamic Ecosystem of Adaptation through Allostasis (DEA-A) theoretical framework, emphasizing the functional adaptation of individuals and organizations in symbiosis with their living ecosystem. The DEA-A framework articulates two central components to grasp the complexity of adaptation: the internal dynamics (intrasystem level) and the environmental dynamics (ecosystem level). It bridges diverse conceptual approaches, including stress and adaptation models, behavior-change models, and ecosystem-based perspectives. Epistemological considerations raised in the conceptual article prompt a reconsideration of methods and tools for the planning of intervention. Further contributions will present a suitable methodology for the application of the DEA-A framework along with practical recommendations.

Adopting energy-saving and noise-reducing technologies in vehicle transportation has the potential to mitigate urban traffic pollution and promote sustainable urban mobility. However, a universal analytical framework for obtaining the combined energy savings and noise reduction patterns in vehicles is still lacking. This study addresses this gap by integrating a fundamental traffic noise model with a vehicle energy conservation equation. A theoretical framework was constructed that establishes the relationship between vehicle noise and energy consumption, with the theoretical origins of this framework explained. By summarizing a substantial body of classical literature, the typical model\'s properties are analyzed through the principle of optimality, and the noise interval for combined vehicle energy-saving and noise-reducing is determined. Subsequently, a rigorous vehicle experiment was conducted to validate the proposed framework\'s effectiveness, utilizing synchronized data on energy consumption and noise. The findings indicate that vehicles can achieve unconstrained combined energy-saving and noise-reducing in four driving states and conditional combined energy-saving and noise-reducing in five driving states. The Recall index demonstrates a verification rate exceeding 0.62 for the combined energy-saving and noise-reducing rules. This research provides valuable insights to support energy-saving and noise-reducing measures in urban traffic.

This study aims to present a combination of methods and propose robust theoretical and conceptual frameworks for solving socio-environmental issues. This proposal included the Problem, Intervention, Context, and Outcome (PICO) framework and Protocol and Reporting result with Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis framework, and develop (PSALSAR) method through SODIP steps: (i) Systematic review and meta-analysis defining the study from guiding questions; (ii) Open-source related to software and data; (iii) Data visualization and design information; (iv) Identification of gaps, challenges and trends through automation and lexicometric analysis; and (v) Proposal of theoretical and conceptual frameworks. This proposal defines the steps as support to combine and systematize information necessary to facilitate the production of this type of document using open-access software in the visualization and design of information. All these steps are replicable and essential to propose a conceptual and theoretical framework to contribute to the construction of knowledge in socio-environmental research and to propose solutions by filling in the gaps. In summary, this combination of methods shows:•The use of SODIP steps provides robustness and efficiency in carrying out review studies, facilitating the way to propose theoretical or conceptual frameworks.•Choosing to use open-source tools is essential for better evaluation and visualization of qualitative and quantitative data in review studies.•The combination of methods and data in the systematic review (scientific, political documents. and databases) supports the proposal of robust theoretical and conceptual frameworks.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacy practice research often focuses on the design, implementation and evaluation of pharmacy services and interventions. The use of behavioural theory in intervention research allows understanding of interventions\' mechanisms of action and are more likely to result in effective and sustained interventions.
OBJECTIVE: To collate, summarise and categorise the reported behavioural frameworks, models and theories used in pharmacy practice research.
METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science and EBSCO (CINAHL PLUS, British Education index, ERIC) were systematically searched to capture all pharmacy practice articles that had reported the use of behavioural frameworks, theories, or models since inception of the database. Results were filtered to include articles published in English in pharmacy practice journals. Full-text screening and data extraction were independently performed by two reviewers. A narrative synthesis of the data was adopted. Studies were reviewed for alignment to the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) framework to identify in which phase(s) of the research that the theory/model/framework had been employed.
RESULTS: Fifty articles met the inclusion criteria; a trend indicating an increasing frequency of behavioural theory/frameworks/models within pharmacy practice research was identified; the most frequently reported were Theory of Planned Behaviour and Theoretical Domains Framework. Few studies provided explicit and comprehensive justification for adopting a specific theory/model/framework and description of how it underpinned the research was lacking. The majority were investigations exploring determinants of behaviours, or facilitators and barriers to implementing or delivering a wide range of pharmacy services and initiatives within a variety of clinical settings (aligned to Phase 1 UK MRC framework).
CONCLUSIONS: This review serves as a useful resource for future researchers to inform their investigations. Greater emphasis to adopt a systematic approach in the reporting of the use of behavioural theories/models/frameworks will benefit pharmacy practice research and will support researchers in utilizing behavioural theories/models/framework in aspects of pharmacy practice research beyond intervention development.

OBJECTIVE: Inpatient falls among older adults are a relentless problem, and extant inpatient fall prevention research and interventions lack the older adults\' perspectives and experiences of their own fall risk in the hospital. Theory-guided research is essential in nursing, and the purpose of this paper was to describe the process of developing a theoretical framework for a phenomenological nursing study exploring older adults\' lived experiences of being at risk for falling in the hospital.
METHODS: Based on philosophical nursing underpinnings, the Health Belief Model (HBM) was selected as the theoretical model. The limitations of the model led to expansion of the model with established concepts associated with accidental falls among older adults.
RESULTS: The HBM was selected as the guiding model due to its ability to capture a broad range of perceptions of a health threat. The HBM was expanded with the concepts of embarrassment, independence, fear of falling, dignity and positivity effect. The addition of these concepts made the theoretical framework more applicable to age-related developmental behaviours of older adult and more applicable to nursing research.
CONCLUSIONS: The Expanded HBM theoretical framework may guide future nursing research to develop fall prevention interventions to decrease fall rates among hospitalized older adults.
UNASSIGNED: No Patient or Public Contribution.

This study is dedicated to exploring and establishing a theoretical framework for the impact of agricultural insurance on farmers\' green lifestyles. By thoroughly analyzing existing literature, this paper reveals the dual pathways through which agricultural insurance influences farmers\' behavior: one affects production activities, and the other affects lifestyle choices. Drawing on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory, the study elaborates in detail the incentive mechanisms of agricultural insurance, farmers\' cognition of green practices, and how these elements work together to guide a transformation in farmer behavior. This process systematically demonstrates the theoretical logic and pathways through which agricultural insurance promotes the transition to green lifestyles among farmers. Additionally, the study provides a preliminary description of the questionnaire design and its role in supplying foundational data for empirical analysis. The paper posits that agricultural insurance harbors an intrinsic mechanism to induce farmers toward greener lifestyles. We anticipate that this research will bring new perspectives to the field of agricultural insurance and contribute new dimensions to the theoretical framework of behavioral insurance.