■埃塞俄比亚的粮食不安全和脆弱性是自然和人为灾害造成的历史问题,这些影响范围很广,对家庭整体健康产生不利影响。在埃塞俄比亚,问题的范围越广,规模越大。此外,关于文化和冲击的影响,这一挑战的地理分布仍未探索,尽管以前的案例研究表明冲击和其他因素的影响。因此,本研究旨在评估各地区纠正食品不安全水平(FCSL)的地理分布,并探讨不同因素对每个家庭食品不安全水平的综合影响。
■本研究分析了2012年、2014年和2016年的三期基于家庭的面板数据,总样本量为11505,涵盖了该国所有区域州。扩展的加法模型,通过对使用马尔可夫随机场或张量积的结构化空间效应和使用高斯的非结构化效应进行建模,使用经验贝叶斯估计,被用来评估FCSL跨区域的空间分布,并进一步探索地理的综合影响,环境,和社会经济因素对地方调整措施的影响。
■尽管按时间顺序下降,很大一部分埃塞俄比亚家庭仍然粮食不安全(25%)和脆弱(27.08%)。马尔可夫随机场(MRF)模型是基于GVC的最佳拟合模型,揭示了总变异的90.04%是由空间效应解释的。大多数北部和西南部地区以及东南部和西北部地区是该国粮食不安全和脆弱的热点地区。此外,教育等因素,城市化,有工作,种植中的肥料使用,卫生,耕种牲畜和农作物对降低家庭处于较高的粮食不安全水平(不安全和脆弱性)的可能性有重大影响,而冲击的发生和土地规模较小的所有权使情况恶化。
■长期粮食不安全区在该国北部和西南部地区显示出强大的集群,尽管埃塞俄比亚家庭粮食不安全水平较高,但多年来呈下降趋势。因此,在这些地区,解决空间结构因素的干预措施,特别是城市化,教育,早婚控制,创造就业,以及通过粮食援助和选定的应对策略来控制冲突和干旱效应,通过保护土地和区域环境进行综合农业可以帮助减少家庭处于较高粮食不安全水平的可能性。
UNASSIGNED: Food insecurity and vulnerability in Ethiopia are historical problems due to natural- and human-made disasters, which affect a wide range of areas at a higher magnitude with adverse effects on the overall health of households. In Ethiopia, the problem is wider with higher magnitude. Moreover, this geographical distribution of this challenge remains unexplored regarding the effects of cultures and shocks, despite previous case studies suggesting the effects of shocks and other factors. Hence, this study aims to assess the geographic distribution of corrected-food insecurity levels (FCSL) across zones and explore the comprehensive effects of diverse factors on each level of a household\'s food insecurity.
UNASSIGNED: This study analyzes three-term household-based panel data for years 2012, 2014, and 2016 with a total sample size of 11505 covering the all regional states of the country. An extended additive model, with empirical Bayes estimation by modeling both structured spatial effects using Markov random field or tensor product and unstructured effects using Gaussian, was adopted to assess the spatial distribution of FCSL across zones and to further explore the comprehensive effect of geographic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on the locally adjusted measure.
UNASSIGNED: Despite a chronological decline, a substantial portion of Ethiopian households remains food insecure (25%) and vulnerable (27.08%). The Markov random field (MRF) model is the best fit based on GVC, revealing that 90.04% of the total variation is explained by the spatial effects. Most of the northern and south-western areas and south-east and north-west areas are hot spot zones of food insecurity and vulnerability in the country. Moreover, factors such as education, urbanization, having a job, fertilizer usage in cropping, sanitation, and farming livestock and crops have a significant influence on reducing a household\'s probability of being at higher food insecurity levels (insecurity and vulnerability), whereas shocks occurrence and small land size ownership have worsened it.
UNASSIGNED: Chronically food insecure zones showed a strong cluster in the northern and south-western areas of the country, even though higher levels of household food insecurity in Ethiopia have shown a declining trend over the years. Therefore, in these areas, interventions addressing spatial structure factors, particularly urbanization, education, early marriage control, and job creation, along with controlling conflict and drought effect by food aid and selected coping strategies, and performing integrated farming by conserving land and the environment of zones can help to reduce a household\'s probability of being at higher food insecurity levels.