In the field of anaesthesia, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a game-changing technology. Applications of AI include keeping records, monitoring patients, calculating and administering drugs, and carrying out mechanical procedures. This article explores the current uses, challenges, and prospective applications of AI in anaesthesia practices. This review discusses AI-supported systems like anaesthesia information management systems (AIMS), mechanical robots for carrying out procedures, and pharmacological models for drug delivery. AIMS has helped in automated record-keeping, predicting bad events, and monitoring the vital signs of the patient. Their application has a vital role in improving the efficacy of anaesthesia management and patient safety. The application of AI in anaesthesia comes with its own unique difficulties. Noteworthy obstacles include issues with data quantity and quality, technical limitations, and moral and legal dilemmas. The key to overcoming these barriers is to set guidelines for the ethical use of AI in healthcare, improve the reliability and comprehension of AI systems, and certify the health data precision and security. AI has very bright potential. Exciting future directions include developments in AI and machine learning thus development of new applications, and the possible enhancement in training and education. Potential research areas include the application of AI to chronic disease management, pain management, and the reinforcement of anaesthesiologists\' education. AI could be used to design authentic lifelike training simulations and individualized student feedback systems, hence transforming anaesthesia education and training methodology. For this review, we conducted a PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Database search in 2022-2023 and retrieved articles on AI and its uses in anaesthesia. Recommendations for future research and development include strengthening the safety and reliability of health data, building a better understanding of AI systems, and looking into new areas of use. The power of AI can be used to innovate anaesthesia practices by concentrating on these areas.

Over the last few years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received increasing attention as potential non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for various diseases. The interest in EVs is related to their structure and content, as well as to their changing cargo in response to different stimuli. One of the potential areas of use of EVs as biomarkers is the central nervous system (CNS), in particular the brain, because EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier, exist also in peripheral tissues and have a diverse cargo. Thus, they may represent \"liquid biopsies\" of the CNS that can reflect brain pathophysiology without the need for invasive surgical procedures. Overall, few studies to date have examined EVs in neuropsychiatric disorders, and the present evidence appears to lack reproducibility. This situation might be due to a variety of technical obstacles related to working with EVs, such as the use of different isolation strategies, which results in non-uniform vesicular and molecular outputs. Multi-omics approaches and improvements in the standardization of isolation procedures will allow highly pure EV fractions to be obtained in which the molecular cargo, particularly microRNAs and proteins, can be identified and accurately quantified. Eventually, these advances will enable researchers to decipher disease-relevant molecular signatures of the brain-derived EVs involved in synaptic plasticity, neuronal development, neuro-immune communication, and other related pathways. This narrative review summarizes the findings of studies on EVs in major psychiatric disorders, particularly in the field of biomarkers, and discusses the respective therapeutic potential of EVs.

Keyhole surgery recently evolved as a minimal invasive surgical approach for treatment of anterior circulation aneurysm. This review was done to evaluate the keyhole approach for anterior circulation aneurysms, their indications, advantages, technical limitations, complications and their avoidance. The literature review was performed with the phrase \"keyhole approach for anterior circulation aneurysm\" as a search term in PubMed central, Medline, Google scholar and Embase data base to identify all the articles published till December 2020. Out of 113 articles searched, 22 were included in this review after screening for eligibility. On analyzing these articles, there was total 2058 aneurysm in 1871 patients. Out of 2058 aneurysm, 988 were ruptured and 547 unruptured. In 5 studies, which include 344 aneurysms in 344 cases, aneurysm ruptured or unruptured status was not specified. The most frequent aneurysm site was anterior communicating artery (n=573). The size of the aneurysm mentioned in most of the study was <15 mm. The rate of complete occlusion was ranged from 93.6-100%. The range of intra operative rupture (IOR) was 0-28.6%. The mean operative time was ranged from 70 min-5.34 hours as reported in 13 studies. Good outcome [Glasgow outcome scale (GOS): 4-5] were seen in 75-100% cases. The frontalis muscle weakness has been reported in 3 studies and ranged from 0-1.99%. Keyhole surgery can be a safe and effective treatment modality for treatment of a selected anterior circulation aneurysm. In the experienced hand it has certain advantages over standard pterional craniotomy.

In this review, limitations affecting the results of presurgical mapping with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are discussed. There is a great need to standardize fMRI acquisition and analysis methods and establish guidelines to address quality control issues. Several national and international organizations are formulating guidelines and standards for both clinical and research applications of BOLD fMRI. Consensus regarding management of these issues will likely both improve the clinical standard of care and enhance future research applications of fMRI.

Our ability to think creatively is one of the factors that generates excitement in our lives as it introduces novelty and opens up new possibilities to our awareness which in turn lead to developments in a variety of fields from science and technology to art and culture. While research on the influence of biologically-based variables on creativity has a long history, the advent of modern techniques for investigating brain structure and function in the past two decades have resulted in an exponential increase in the number of neuroscientific studies that have explored creativity. The field of creative neurocognition is a rapidly growing area of research that can appear chaotic and inaccessible because of the heterogeneity associated with the creativity construct and the many approaches through which it can be examined. There are also significant methodological and conceptual problems that are specific to the neuroscientific study of creativity that pose considerable limitations on our capacity to make true advances in understanding the brain basis of creativity. This article explores three key issues that need to be addressed so that barriers in the way of relevant progress being made within the field can be avoided. Are creativity neuroimaging paradigms optimal enough?What makes creative cognition different from normative cognition?Do we need to distinguish between types of creativity?