为了减少人为二氧化碳排放并应对气候变化的影响,矿化碳捕获和储存(CCSM)和工业矿物碳化正在获得吸引力。具体来说,地下地质构造中的原位碳矿化是由于硅酸盐矿物转化为碳酸盐而发生的(例如,CaCO3,MgCO3),而表面的非原位碳矿化会与金属阳离子发生化学反应-从而导致永久存储。然而,这两个过程都很复杂,需要严格的调查才能实现大规模矿化。这篇论文,因此,旨在对不同岩石类型的碳矿化的原位和非原位方法进行全面回顾,各种工程过程,以及与矿化相关的相关机制。此外,影响原位和非原位过程的因素,例如,合适的矿物质,最佳操作条件,和技术挑战,也进行了包容性审查。我们的发现表明,原位碳矿化,即,通过矿化作用在地下永久储存二氧化碳,由于能源效率和大规模存储潜力,可以说比非原位矿化更有前途。此外,岩石类型的影响可以排序为火成岩(玄武岩)>碳酸盐(沉积)>砂岩(沉积),以考虑快速和大规模的CCSM。这项审查的结果将,因此,有助于更好地了解碳矿化,这有助于实现大规模二氧化碳封存,以实现全球零净目标。
To mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions and address the climate change effects, carbon capture and storage by mineralization (CCSM) and industrial mineral carbonation are gaining attraction. Specifically, in-situ carbon mineralization in the subsurface geological formations occurs due to the transformation of silicate minerals into carbonates (e.g., CaCO3, MgCO3) while ex-situ carbon mineralization at the surface undergoes chemical reactions with metal cations - thus leading to permanent storage. However, both processes are complex and require a rigorous investigation to enable large-scale mineralization. This paper, therefore, aims to provide an overreaching review of the in-situ and ex-situ methods for carbon mineralization for different rock types, various engineered processes, and associated mechanisms pertinent to mineralization. Furthermore, the factors influencing in-situ and ex-situ processes, e.g., suitable minerals, optimal operating conditions, and technical challenges, have also been inclusively reviewed. Our findings suggest that in-situ carbon mineralization, i.e., subsurface permanent storage of CO2 by mineralization, arguably is more promising than ex-situ mineralization due to energy efficiency and large-scale storage potential. Furthermore, the effect of rock type can be ranked as igneous (basalt) > carbonates (sedimentary) > sandstone (sedimentary) to consider for rapid and large-scale CCSM. The findings of this review will, therefore, help towards a better understanding of carbon mineralization, which contributes towards large-scale CO2 storage to meet the global net-zero targets.