目的： 探讨小肠结肠淋巴细胞性静脉炎（ELP）的临床病理学特征，加深对此病变的认识，为临床诊治提供经验。 方法： 回顾性分析3例ELP的临床表现、实验室检查、内镜、影像学、病理学等特征，并复习相关文献。 结果： 3例患者男性2例，女性1例，年龄分别为43、69和60岁。均以腹痛为首发表现，病变肠段分别位于回盲部、横结肠和空肠。内镜显示溃疡或缺血样改变，影像检查主要表现为肠腔狭窄及溃疡。3例均接受肠段外科切除，预后良好。镜下特征主要为缺血性损伤伴广泛性静脉炎和血栓性静脉炎，而动脉未受影响，免疫组织化学显示浸润淋巴细胞为混合性细胞。 结论： ELP罕见，年龄以中老年人多见，常发生在小肠和右半结肠。临床症状、实验室检查和影像无特异，术前易误诊，但手术切除可治愈，术后依据典型病理学特征可确诊，发病机制尚不清楚。.

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium responsible for localized infections of the oropharynx that can evolve into bacteremia and/or septic thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein or peritonsillar vein, called Lemierre\'s syndrome. To identify microbial genetic determinants associated with the severity of this life-threatening disease, 70 F. necrophorum strains were collected and grouped into two categories according to the clinical presentation: (i) localized infection, (ii) bacteremia with/without Lemierre\'s syndrome. Comparative genomic analyses revealed two clades with distinct genetic content, one clade being significantly enriched with isolates from subjects with bacteremia. To identify genetic determinants contributing to F. necrophorum pathogenicity, genomic islands and virulence factor orthogroups (OVFs) were predicted. The presence/absence profiles of OVFs did not group isolates according to their clinical category, but rather according to their phylogeny. However, a variant of lktA, a key virulence factor, with a frameshift deletion that results in two open reading frames, was associated with bacteremia. Moreover, a genome-wide association study identified three orthogroups associated with bacteremic strains: (i) cas8a1, (ii) a sodium/solute symporter, and (iii) a POP1 domain-containing protein. Further studies must be performed to assess the functional impact of lktA mutation and of these orthogroups on the physiopathological mechanisms of F. necrophorum infections.

OBJECTIVE: Incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is higher than the expected in patients with hematologic malignancies and duration of hospitalization period increases the risk of thrombosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for venous thrombosis in hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies.
METHODS: We designed a prospective cohort study and enrolled patients with hematologic malignancies, who had been hospitalized between 2020 and 2021. Thromboprophylaxis was given to all patients, other than those under a high risk of hemorrhage.
RESULTS: 94 patients were enrolled. The incidence of superficial vein thrombosis was 11.7% and the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (including pulmonary embolism and catheter thrombosis) was 7.4%. Patients, who developed thrombosis, had statistically significantly longer hospital stays (21 vs. 11.5 days, p=0.023) and a higher number of hospitalizations (1 vs. 3, p=0.015) compared to those, who did not develop thrombosis. Patients, who had 3 or more risk factors for thrombosis, were found to be under the highest risk. (p=0.017, OR=4.32; 95% CI: 1.3-14.35). Furthermore, patients with recurrent hospitalizations (p=0.024, OR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.05-2.11) and higher fibrinogen levels (p=0.028, OR=1; 95% CI: 1-1.006) were under an increased risk of thrombosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Venous thrombosis is frequently seen in hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies. A universally accepted risk scoring system is required for detection of patients, under a high risk for thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to report a case of Lemierre\'s Syndrome producing unilateral endogenous endophthalmitis in a healthy, young woman with a history of tonsillitis.
UNASSIGNED: A 17-year-old healthy woman developed fever after a few days of sore throat. She later developed pneumonia with septic signs, leading to admission to the Intensive Care Unit. Lemierre Syndrome was diagnosed due to multiple septic pulmonary emboli and signs of sepsis following a recent episode of tonsillitis. During hospitalization, the patient complained of decreased visual acuity and floaters in her left eye. Ophthalmological examination revealed papillary edema, vitritis, foci of chorioretinitis in the macula and Roth\'s spots, confirming the diagnosis of endogenous endophthalmitis. Subsequently, she underwent appropriate treatment, progressing satisfactorily.
CONCLUSIONS: Although ophthalmological manifestations are rare, due to the pathophysiological characteristics of Lemierre\'s Syndrome, all patients should underwent standard ophthalmologic assessment, even in the absence of ophthalmic symptoms or visible findings, as part of a multidisciplinary management approach.

UNASSIGNED: Short peripheral catheters (SPCs) are affected by a high complication rate that leads to catheter failure. Currently, the Visual Infusion Phlebitis score (VIP) is the most used tool to verify the presence of inflammatory complications (phlebitis and thrombophlebitis). However, ultrasound signs (US) may be an attractive alternative.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of US and VIP score = 1 in identifying and recognizing early signs of SPC failure. The time to positivity for US and VIP scores was assessed as a secondary outcome.
UNASSIGNED: An observational prospective study was conducted. In each patient, US (subcutaneous edema; fibroblastic sleeve; thrombophlebitis) and VIP of the exit site were performed every 24 h until 96 h after insertion. Compared to catheter failure, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive values in both US and VIP were calculated.
UNASSIGNED: Two hundred patients were enrolled. The presence of ultrasonic pattern suggestive of edema at 72 h (p = 0.018), fibroblastic sleeve at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h (p < 0.001), thrombosis at 48 (p < 0.001) and 72 h (p = 0.005), and at least one of an abovementioned US at all checkpoints (p < 0.001) were highly significant predictors of complications. Both US and VIP effectively detect inflammatory events; however, the US showed better sensitivity in overall checkpoints and earlier predictive ability than VIP (1.9 vs 0.47 days).
UNASSIGNED: An ultrasound inflammatory pattern is correlated with SPC failure. An ultrasound protocol-requiring minimal training-is more effective than VIP in recognizing early signs of device failure.

UNASSIGNED: Penile Mondor\'s disease (PMD) is a rare syndrome characterized by sclerosis after superficial thrombophlebitis of the superficial penile veins. The most usual appearance of PMD is a tender, palpable, painful, and sometimes visible cord on the dorsal surface of the penis. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, and a standardized treatment has not been established.
UNASSIGNED: A 54-year-old male patient presented with a left-sided indirect reducible inguinal hernia. The patient underwent Lichtenstein\'s procedure for inguinal hernia repair. On the tenth postoperative day, he returned with PMD confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography examination. Treatment with 4000 UI low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) daily for three weeks resolved the symptoms, but mild venous ectasia just to the proximal part of the penis remained.
UNASSIGNED: The exact cause of PMD is not well understood, but various studies have identified certain factors associated with an increased risk of the condition. Out of various potential factors that could trigger PMD, the repair of an inguinal hernia has been reported only once. Treatment may involve pain management, anti-inflammatory medications, anticoagulants, and, in some cases, surgery.
UNASSIGNED: PMD after open hernia repair surgery is a very rare benign condition. Correct diagnosis and prompt treatment allowed symptom resolution. Residual venous ectasia has no clinical significance other than a cosmetic appearance.

暂无摘要。

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of middle ear mastoiditis combined with sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis in children. Methods:Author retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 6 children with middle ear mastoiditis combined with sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis who were hospitalized in the Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Neurology with first diagnosis of fever/headache, and subsequently underwent middle ear mastoidectomy in our department. All patients underwent comprehensive otoscopic, audiologic, imaging, and pathogenetic examinations. Clinical manifestations, pathogenetic features, treatment methods and prognosis were summarized, and the follow-up period was 3-6 months. Results:All 6 cases were first diagnosed with intracranial complications such as fever and headache in the internal medicine department. Within one month, all patients developed ear symptoms including pain, discharge, and hearing loss. Audiologic examination revealed conductive hearing loss in five cases and total deafness in one case. MRI, MRV and MRA examinations suggested that there were 6 cases of middle ear infection combined with thrombophlebitis of the ethmoid sinus, of which 3 cases had thrombus in the ethmoid sinus. 6 cases received surgical treatments: 2 cases of radical mastoidectomy+grommet Insertion, and 4 cases of radical mastoidectomy. Pathogenetic examination identified Streptococcus pneumoniae in three cases, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in one case, Enterobacter cloacae complex in one case, and no pathogens were detected in one case. Postoperative pathology was inflammatory granulation in all 6 cases. Follow-up was 3-6 months with no recurrence of intracranial and middle ear lesions on regular review. Conclusion:Children with recurrent fever, headache, and a recent history of acute and chronic otitis media should be evaluated for the possibility of sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis, and imaging tests should be performed in a timely manner to clarify the diagnosis. Once diagnosed, surgery to remove the lesions around the ethmoid sinus, smooth drainage combined with antibiotic therapy is the most direct and effective treatment, and anticoagulation therapy is given when necessary. Timely diagnosis, multidisciplinary collaboration, and accurate timing of the management of primary foci and comorbidities are crucial to the treatment of the disease.
目的：分析儿童中耳乳突炎合并乙状窦血栓性静脉炎的临床特点，探讨诊疗原则，提高对该类疾病的认识，加强早期识别。 方法：回顾性分析以发热/头痛首诊于感染内科、神经内科住院治疗，于我科行中耳乳突手术的6例中耳乳突炎合并乙状窦血栓性静脉炎患儿的临床资料。所有患儿均有完善的耳内镜、听力学、影像学及病原学检查。总结临床表现、病原学特点、治疗方法及预后情况，随访时间为3～6个月。 结果：6例患儿均以发热/头痛等颅内并发症首诊于内科；追问病史1个月内均有耳痛、流脓、听力下降等耳部症状；听力学检查传导性听力下降5例，全聋1例。影像学MRI、MRV＋MRA检查提示：中耳感染合并乙状窦血栓性静脉炎6例，其中3例乙状窦内有血栓。6例患儿均接受手术治疗：2例行完璧式乳突根治术＋鼓膜置管术；4例行完璧式乳突根治术。病原学检查，耳道/术中脓液病原培养肺炎链球菌3例，铜绿假单胞菌1例，阴沟肠杆菌复合群1例，1例未测出。术后病理6例均为炎性肉芽。随访3～6个月，定期复查颅内及中耳病变无复发。 结论：患儿反复发热、头痛，若近期伴有急慢性中耳炎病史，应警惕乙状窦血栓性静脉炎的发生，需及时行影像学检查以明确诊断。一旦明确诊断，手术清除乙状窦周围病变、通畅引流结合抗生素治疗是最为直接有效的治疗方法，必要时给予抗凝治疗。及时诊断、多学科协作、原发灶及合并症处理时机的准确把握对疾病的治疗至关重要。.

BACKGROUND: Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a serious condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity and mortality.
OBJECTIVE: This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of CST, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence.
CONCLUSIONS: CST is a potentially deadly thrombophlebitic disease involving the cavernous sinuses. The most common underlying etiology is sinusitis or other facial infection several days prior to development of CST, though other causes include maxillofacial trauma or surgery, thrombophilia, dehydration, or medications. Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcal species, oral anaerobic species, and gram-negative bacilli are the most frequent bacterial etiologies. The most prevalent presenting signs and symptoms are fever, headache, and ocular manifestations (chemosis, periorbital edema, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, vision changes). Cranial nerve (CN) VI is the most commonly affected CN, resulting in lateral rectus palsy. Other CNs that may be affected include III, IV, and V. The disease may also affect the pulmonary and central nervous systems. Laboratory testing typically reveals elevated inflammatory markers, and blood cultures are positive in up to 70% of cases. Computed tomography of the head and orbits with intravenous contrast delayed phase imaging is recommended in the ED setting, though magnetic resonance venography demonstrates the highest sensitivity. Management includes resuscitation, antibiotics, and anticoagulation with specialist consultation.
CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of CST can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this potentially deadly disease.

Plantar vein thrombosis (PVT) is an underdiagnosed condition affecting the deep plantar veins, with challenging clinical diagnosis, often presenting with non-specific symptoms that mimic other foot pathologies. This study assessed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of patients diagnosed with PVT to contribute to the understanding of this condition. We performed the comprehensive analysis of a substantial dataset, including 112 patients, with a total of 130 positive MRI scans (86 of the forefoot and 44 of the ankle) presenting with PVT. Upon evaluating all the veins of the feet, we observed a higher frequency of involvement of the lateral plantar veins (53.1%) when compared to the medial veins (3.8%). The most affected vascular segments in the forefeet were the plantar metatarsal veins (45.4%), the plantar venous arch (38.5%), and the plantar communicating veins (25.4%). The characteristic findings on MRI were perivascular edema (100%), muscular edema (86.2%), venous ectasia (100%), perivascular enhancement (100%), and intravenous filling defects (97.7%). Our study provides valuable insights into the imaging evaluation of PVT and shows that MRI is a reliable resource for such diagnosis.