UNASSIGNED: Eravacycline (ERV) is a novel synthetic fluorocycline antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy against pathogens. This study sought to investigate ERV\'s effectiveness and safety in treating Gram-negative pathogens (GNPs) infections.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to September 2023. Included in the review were studies assessing the efficacy or safety of ERV in treating GNP infections.
UNASSIGNED: Three randomized controlled trials, seven cohort studies, and two case reports were included. There was no statistically significant difference between ERV and comparators in clinical cure (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.59-1.19), microbiologic eradication (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.36-1.33), and mortality (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 0.81-3.41). However, a significantly higher rate of adverse events with ERV was observed compared to the control group (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.21-1.99). Additionally, cohort studies reported a clinical cure rate of 73.2% (88.8% in RCTs), an AE rate of 4.5% (38.3% in RCTs), and mortality of 16.2% (1.5% in RCTs). Patients in RCTs received ERV monotherapy, whereas almost half of the patients in cohort studies were treated with ERV in combination with other antibiotics.
UNASSIGNED: Further studies are warranted to investigate the safety and efficacy of ERV monotherapy or combination therapy in critically ill patients.

Nano polystyrene (PS) particles and antibiotics universally co-exist, posing a threat to crop plants and hence human health, nevertheless, there is limited research on their combined toxic effects along with major influential factors, especially root exudates, on crop plants. This study aimed to investigate the response of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. to the co-pollution of nanoplastics and tetracycline (TC), as well as the effect of root exudates on this response. Based on a hydroponic experiment, the biochemical and physiological indices of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. were measured after 7 days of exposure. Results revealed that the co-pollution of TC and PS caused significant oxidative damage to the plants, resulting in reduced biomass. Amongst the two contaminants, TC played a more prominent role. PS could enter the root tissue, and the uptake of TC and PS by plant roots was synergetic. Malic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid could explain 65.1% of the variation in biochemical parameters and biomass of the roots. These compounds affected the photosynthesis and biomass of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. by gradually lowering root reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leaf ROS. In contrast, the impact of rhizobacteria on the toxic response of the plants was relatively minor. These findings suggested that root exudates could alleviate the toxic response of plants to the co-pollution of TC and PS. This study enhances our understanding of the role of root exudates, providing insights for agricultural management and ensuring food safety.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of toxin inhibition in select infections and to provide recommendations for appropriate antimicrobial selection when toxin inhibition is indicated.
CONCLUSIONS: For select organisms, specifically Clostridioides difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes, toxin production plays an integral role in overall disease pathogenesis and progression. Some expert recommendations include utilization of an antimicrobial with toxin inhibition properties as primary or adjunctive therapy for certain infections due to these organisms, but evolving data have made the choice of antitoxin agent less clear. Clindamycin has been the long-standing standard of care agent for toxin inhibition in necrotizing S. aureus and S. pyogenes infections, but linezolid shows promise as an alternative either in the setting of drug shortages or simply when clindamycin is not optimal, while tetracyclines require further study for this indication. The role for adjunctive toxin inhibition in C. difficile infection (CDI) is less defined, as current first-line therapies already have antitoxin properties.
CONCLUSIONS: Toxin inhibition plays a key role in successful management of patients with infections due to toxin-producing organisms. Adjunctive therapy with a tetracycline could be considered in severe, fulminant CDI, but the associated benefit is variable. The benefit of antitoxin treatment for necrotizing S. aureus and S. pyogenes has been more consistently documented. Recent studies support linezolid as an alternative to clindamycin as an adjunctive S. aureus treatment or as monotherapy when appropriate.

Hybrid systems combined eletrocatalysis and Fenton-like process attract a lot of attention due their outstanding performance and unique mechanism. Here, we proposed an efficient, cost-effective, and versatile electrochemical activation (ECA) system for efficient water purification, and intensively studied the synergistic effects between electrocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation. The ECA system achieved complete removal of 20 ppm tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) in 15 min, with a rate constant of 0.338 min-1. Its performance was assessed across various operational parameters (PMS dosage, pH, applied voltage, electrode interval, temperature, co-existed ions, biomass, different oxidants), demonstrating its broad applicability and stability. Excellent degradation and mineralization for other 12 kinds of refractory organic pollutants were also achieved. The outstanding performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect in the system, in which electrocatalytic reduction of dissolved oxygen generated H2O2 and O2•-, boosting the number of reactive species, such as 1O2, by interacting with PMS. Furthermore, the presence of organic matter promotes electron transfer, amplifying the system\'s degradation capability. These findings not only highlight the ECA system\'s effectiveness in organic pollutant removal but also offer insights into the underlying degradation mechanisms, paving the way for future advancements in water purification technologies.

In this study, novel lamellar double hydroxide composites (LDH-MgAl and LDH-MgFe) were synthesized at different metal salt ratios (1:1 to 3:1) and fully characterized using various techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and TGA. The resulting LDHs demonstrated a high affinity for efficiently removing tetracycline (TC) antibiotic from water, particularly at a moderate molar ratio of 3:1. This ratio exhibited improved structural characteristics, resulting in better TC uptake from water. The improved performance was supported by the increased abundance of surface functional groups (OH, NO3, CO32-, C-O-C, Fe-O, and Al-O-Al). The TGA analysis established the high stability of the LDHs when subjected to high temperatures. The kinetics of TC adsorption onto LDH fitted with the PSO (R2 = 0.935-0.994) and Avrami (R2 = 0.9528-0.9824) models, while the equilibrium data fitted the Liu and Langmuir isotherm models, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 101.1 mg g-1 and 70.83 mg g-1, respectively-significantly higher than many reported values in the literature. The positive values of ΔH0 and ΔS0 indicate an endothermic process, with TC removal mechanisms influenced by physical interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and π-cation with the surface functional groups of the LDH adsorbents. These results suggest that LDH-MgAl and LDH-MgFe are promising adsorbents for the removal of TC from water.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a pathogen of major concern in the global rise of antimicrobial resistance and has been implicated as a reservoir for the transfer of resistance genes between species. The upregulation of efflux pumps is a particularly concerning mechanism of resistance acquisition as, in many instances, a single point mutation can simultaneously provide resistance to a range of antimicrobials and biocides. The current study investigated mutations in oqxR, which encodes a negative regulator of the RND-family efflux pump genes, oqxAB, natively found in the chromosome of K. pneumoniae. Resistant mutants in four K. pneumoniae strains (KP6870155, NTUH-K2044, SGH10, and ATCC43816) were selected from single exposures to 30 µg/mL chloramphenicol and 12 mutants were selected for whole genome sequencing to identify mutations associated with resistance. Resistant mutants generated by single exposures to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, or ciprofloxacin at ≥4 X MIC were replica plated onto all three antibiotics to observe simultaneous cross-resistance to all compounds, indicative of a multidrug resistance phenotype. A variety of novel mutations, including single point mutations, deletions, and insertions, were found to disrupt oqxR leading to significant and simultaneous increases in resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. The oqxAB-oqxR locus has been mobilized and dispersed on plasmids in many Enterobacteriaceae species and the diversity of these loci was examined to evaluate the evolutionary pressures acting on these genes. Comparison of the promoter regions of oqxR in plasmid-borne copies of the oqxR-oqxAB operon indicated that some constructs may produce truncated versions of the oqxR transcript, which may impact on oqxAB regulation and expression. In some instances, co-carriage of chromosomal and plasmid encoded oqxAB-oqxR was found in K. pneumoniae, implying that there is selective pressure to maintain and expand the efflux pump. Given that OqxR is a repressor of oqxAB, any mutation affecting its expression or function can lead to multidrug resistance. This is in contrast to antibiotic target site mutations that must occur in limited sequence space to be effective and not impact the fitness of the cell. Therefore, oqxR may act as a simple genetic switch to facilitate resistance via OqxAB mediated efflux.

The influences of the positive Fe3+ and the negative Cr2O72- on the tetracycline (TC) photodegradation by N-doped dissolved black carbon (NDBC) have been investigated in this work. A series of samples (NDBC300, NDBC400 and NDBC500) have been extracted from the corresponding biochar. NDBC400 has the best photodegradation performance (79%) for TC under visible light irradiation. Adding Cr2O72- and Fe3+ can reduces TC photodegradation efficiency into 37% and 53%, respectively. This maybe from that Cr2O72- has stronger interaction with NDBC400 than Fe3+ since it can quench more fluorescence intensity of NDBC400 than Fe3+. Furthermore, Cr2O72- can reduce the steady-state concentration of 3NDBC400*, 1O2 and •OH, whereas Fe3+can just reduce the steady-state concentration of 3NDBC400* and increase the concentration of •OH. This may explain why Cr2O72- has stronger inhibit performance of TC photodegradation by NDBC400 than Fe3+. The band structures of NDBC400, NDBC400-Fe3+ and NDBC400-Cr2O72- are constructed. And the VB of NDBC400-Fe3+ has a stronger ability to produce •OH than NDBC400. In summary, coupling interaction and band structure characterization of NDBC400, NDBC400-Fe3+ and NDBC400-Cr2O72- can explain well why Cr2O72 has stronger inhibition effect than Fe3+ and Fe3+ can increase the concentration of •OH. This work provides a deep insight for the photochemical behavior of dissolved black carbon and the transformation behavior of the co-existed metal ions and antibiotics.

The misuse and inevitable release of antibiotics can cause significant harm to both human health and the environment, and the use of polymeric semiconductors for photodegradation of antibiotics in aqueous environments is one of the most effective strategies to alleviate the current dilemma. Nevertheless, the inherently high exciton binding energy (Eb) and low photogenerated carrier transfer efficiency for most photocatalysts results in unsatisfactory photodegradation performance. Hence, this work proposes a donor polarization strategy to regulate the exciton dissociation of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) by minimizing their Eb. Results exhibited that the introduction of the strong donor unit 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) not only reduces the Eb and effectively promotes exciton dissociation, but also broadens the visible light absorption of CMP. Among them, EdtTz-CMP with the lowest Eb (99 meV) delivered an efficiency of 94.6% in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) with in 90 min, significantly higher than those of its analogues. This work provides a viable approach to design CMPs by tuning the intrinsic dipole of the donor for efficient environmental purification.

Nanoribbons (NRs), leveraging the flexibility of one-dimensional materials and the expansive surface area of two-dimensional materials, offer heightened exposure to edge sites and superior charge transfer rates. Consequently, they present promising prospects within the domain of photocatalysis. Crystalline red phosphorus (cRP), dcharacterized by its layered and fibrous structure, lends itself readily to the production of nanoribbons. Our study demonstrates a robust method for achieving high-yield, high-quality cRP by concurrently introducing mineralizing agent I2 and Si wafers into the Chemical Vapor Transport (CVT) synthesis process. Through ultrasound assistance, we transformed high-quality cRP into crystalline red phosphorus nanoribbons (cRP NRs) with an average thickness ranging from 7.5 to 17.5 nm and an average width between 75 and 175 nm. cRP NRs (I2 and Si) showcased impressive degradation capabilities towards Methyl Orange (MO) and Tetracycline (TC), achieving a remarkable 99% degradation of MO within 18 min under the simulated visible-light irradiation. The reactive species capturing experiments confirmed that ·O2- was the primary active agent responsible for the photocatalytic degradation of MO.

In recent decades, water pollution caused by emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, has attracted much attention. Antibiotics are commonly used pharmaceuticals, and their residue in water may accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance genes, which can produce resistance to the treatment of diseases. In this study, two energy-based systems, heat/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and ultrasound (US)/PMS were chosen to treat the typical antibiotic tetracycline (TC) in water. The influencing factors and kinetic equations of TC degradation by heat/PMS and US/PMS were investigated and the rates of TC degradation by the two systems were compared. The results showed that the optimal PMS concentration required for TC degradation in both systems was 0.3 mM, and neither system was affected by solution pH. The power of the US in the US/PMS system was as important as the temperature in the heat/PMS system because they provided activation energy. Both heat and US could activate PMS to degrade TC, and US was slightly superior with 80% TC removal under the conditions of [TC] = 20 mg/L, [PMS] = 0.3 mM, pH = 6.4, T = 20 °C, and US power = 550 W. US is considered to be more advantageous in activating PMS to degrade TC.