背景:半驯化驯鹿代表了Fennoscandia北部一定比例人口的重要畜牧业和生计。驯鹿畜牧业被认为是一种广泛的畜牧业,这些动物大多饲养在天然牧场上,虽然有时在围栏区域保存较短的时间。这些驯鹿可能藏有各种可能影响动物健康和生产的寄生虫。牧群和主人之间相对有限的密切接触通常使诊断和治疗疾病的机会有限。此外,家畜亚临床寄生的影响通常表现为生产力的降低,而不是临床疾病和死亡率的降低。因此,对这些牛群体内寄生虫和寄生虫感染的具体了解很少。这项研究通过分析来自Troms和Finnmark两个不同放牧区的冬季屠宰驯鹿的总共114个粪便样本,调查了驯鹿中各种体内寄生虫的发生,挪威。
结果:使用McMaster方法,Baermann技术,和直接的免疫荧光抗体测试,在粪便样本中发现了以下寄生虫,其发生数据以百分比表示:Strongylid卵(62%),线虫属。鸡蛋(24%),毛细管sp.鸡蛋(42%)和Monieziaspp。鸡蛋(17%),木偶属。幼虫(14%)原线虫幼虫(40%),Eimeraspp.卵囊(23%),和十二指肠贾第鞭毛虫囊肿(5%)。未检测到隐孢子虫卵囊。寄生虫卵,卵囊,并对囊肿进行了量化。分子分析显示G.十二指肠子组合AI,一种潜在的人畜共患基因型,以前从未在该地区的驯鹿中报道过。艾美耳球虫卵囊的形态分析确定了两种,梅耶里艾美球虫和长毛艾美球虫,艾美球虫的细胞色素C氧化酶I(coi)基因和18srRNA(18SSU)基因的分子分析证实了驯鹿特有的艾美球虫物种的存在。
结论:高患病率,但负担低,在这些半驯化驯鹿的样品中检测到体内寄生虫。样本是在冬季收集的,当成人胃肠道寄生虫通常只产生少量的传播阶段。因此,加上样本数量少,避免了关于半驯化驯鹿寄生虫状况的详细和明确的结论。然而,这些数据提供了半驯养动物群体中寄生虫发生的概况,这些动物容易受到各种环境变化的影响。
BACKGROUND: Semi-domesticated reindeer represent an important livestock industry and livelihood for a proportion of the human population in northern Fennoscandia. Reindeer husbandry is considered an extensive animal husbandry, where the animals are kept mostly on natural pastures, although sometimes kept in fenced areas for shorter periods. These reindeer may harbour a variety of parasites that may affect animal health and production. The relatively limited close contact between herds and owners gives limited opportunities for diagnosis and treatment of diseases in general. Furthermore, the effects of subclinical parasitism in livestock are commonly expressed as a reduction in productivity rather than clinical disease and mortality. Thus, specific knowledge of endoparasites and parasitic infections in these herds is scarce. This study investigated the occurrence of various endoparasites in reindeer by analysis of a total of 114 faecal samples from winter-slaughtered reindeer from two different grazing areas in Troms and Finnmark, Norway.
RESULTS: Using a McMaster method, a Baermann technique, and a direct immunofluorescent antibody test, the following parasites were identified in the faecal samples with the occurrence data given as percentages:
Strongylid eggs (62%), Nematodirinae spp. eggs (24%), Capillaria sp. eggs (42%) and Moniezia spp. eggs (17%), Dictyocaulus spp. larvae (14%) protostrongylid larvae (40%), Eimera spp. oocysts (23%), and Giardia duodenalis cysts (5%). Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Parasite eggs, oocysts, and cysts were quantified. Molecular analysis revealed G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AI, a potentially zoonotic genotype not previously reported in reindeer from this region. Morphological analyses of Eimeria oocysts identified two species, Eimeria mayeri and Eimeria rangiferis, and molecular analyses of the cytochrome C oxidase I (coi) gene and 18 s rRNA (18SSU) gene of Eimeria confirmed the presence of Eimeria species that are specific to reindeer.
CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence, but low burden, of endoparasites was detected in samples from these semi-domesticated reindeer. The samples were collected during winter, when adult gastrointestinal parasites usually produce only low numbers of transmission stages. Therefore, together with the low number of samples, detailed and definitive conclusions regarding parasite status of semi-domesticated reindeer are avoided. Nevertheless, these data provide a snapshot overview of parasite occurrence in a semi-domesticated animal group vulnerable to the various environmental changes to which they are exposed.