Myokine被定义为许多细胞因子的异源性基团,肽和代谢衍生物,表达的,合成,produced,并由骨骼肌细胞和心肌细胞释放,并发挥自身和旁分泌,或内分泌影响。以前的研究表明,肌细胞在骨骼肌之间的相互交流中起着关键作用,心肌和远程器官,比如大脑,脉管系统,骨头,肝脏,胰腺,白色脂肪组织,gut,gut和皮肤。尽管几种肌细胞因子主要在骨骼肌肥大的调节中发挥完全离异的生物学效应,住宅细胞分化,新生血管形成/血管生成,血管完整性,内皮功能,炎症和凋亡/坏死,减轻缺血/缺氧和组织保护,肿瘤生长和恶性肿瘤,其他场合,它们的主要作用影响能量稳态,葡萄糖和脂质代谢,肥胖,肌肉训练适应和食物行为。在过去的十年中,已经发现了250多个Myokines,作为心力衰竭管理的生物标志物或靶标,已经进行了多年的进一步研究。然而,只有很少的肌细胞因子被分配到一个有前途的工具,用于监测不良心脏重塑,缺血/缺氧相关靶器官功能障碍,微血管炎症,HF患者的肌少症/肌病和不良临床结局的预测。我们专注于一些最合理的Myokines,比如肌肉生长抑制素,肌粘连蛋白,脑源性神经营养因子,平纹细布,成纤维细胞生长因子21,irisin,白血病抑制因子,发育内皮基因座-1,白细胞介素-6,神经生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-1,被认为是HF发展和进展的有用生物标志物。
Myokines are defined as a heterogenic group of numerous cytokines, peptides and metabolic derivates, which are expressed, synthesized, produced, and released by skeletal myocytes and myocardial cells and exert either auto- and paracrine, or endocrine effects. Previous studies revealed that myokines play a pivotal role in mutual communications between skeletal muscles, myocardium and remote organs, such as brain, vasculature, bone, liver, pancreas, white adipose tissue, gut, and skin. Despite several myokines exert complete divorced biological effects mainly in regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, residential cells differentiation, neovascularization/angiogenesis, vascular integrity, endothelial function, inflammation and apoptosis/necrosis, attenuating ischemia/hypoxia and tissue protection, tumor growth and malignance, for other occasions, their predominant effects affect energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, adiposity, muscle training adaptation and food behavior. Last decade had been identified 250 more myokines, which have been investigating for many years further as either biomarkers or targets for heart failure management. However, only few myokines have been allocated to a promising tool for monitoring adverse cardiac remodeling, ischemia/hypoxia-related target-organ dysfunction, microvascular inflammation, sarcopenia/myopathy and prediction for poor clinical outcomes among patients with HF. This we concentrate on some most plausible myokines, such as myostatin, myonectin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, muslin, fibroblast growth factor 21, irisin, leukemia inhibitory factor, developmental endothelial locus-1, interleukin-6, nerve growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1, which are suggested to be useful biomarkers for HF development and progression.