地中海王国,包括地中海地区和马卡罗尼地区,一直被公认为世界生物多样性热点之一,由于其显著的物种丰富和特有性。经常提出关于该地区物种多样化的生物和非生物驱动因素的几种假设,但很少在明确的系统发育框架中进行测试。这里,我们调查了物种内在和外在因素对物种丰富的多样化的影响,世界性的补血草,地中海地区有多样性中心的被子植物属。首先,我们推断和时间校准迄今为止最大的补血草系统发育。然后,我们在全球和区域范围内估计祖先范围和多样化动态。在全球范围内,我们测试了已确定的多样化率变化是否与地中海地区的特定地质和/或气候事件和/或无性繁殖(无融合生殖)有关.我们的结果支持在原地中海地区的早期古近纪起源,随后是地中海晚期的地中海地区广泛的原位多样化,上新世,和更新世。我们发现与Messinian盐度危机相关的“地中海血统”的多样化率显著增加,地中海气候的开始,上-更新世海平面波动,和无融合生殖。此外,欧洲地中海地区是物种向周边地区扩散的主要来源。在区域范围内,我们推断了马卡洛尼西亚海洋群岛岛屿特有的生物地理起源,并测试加那利诺比进化枝的木质性是否是与岛屿生活和多样化的生物驱动力相关的衍生特征。我们发现加那利群岛和佛得角群岛上的补血草物种多样性是多次定殖事件的产物,随后是就地多样化,Canarian地方病的木质性确实是一种衍生特征,但与向更高的多样化率的显著转变无关。我们的研究扩展了有关非生物和生物驱动因素之间的相互作用如何影响物种多样性在分类学和地理尺度上的不均匀分布的知识。
The Mediterranean realm, comprising the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions, has long been recognized as one of the world\'s biodiversity hotspots, owing to its remarkable species richness and endemism. Several hypotheses on biotic and abiotic drivers of species diversification in the region have been often proposed but rarely tested in an explicit phylogenetic framework. Here, we investigate the impact of both species-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors on diversification in the species-rich, cosmopolitan Limonium, an angiosperm genus with center of diversity in the Mediterranean. First, we infer and time-calibrate the largest Limonium phylogeny to date. We then estimate ancestral ranges and diversification dynamics at both global and regional scales. At the global scale, we test whether the identified shifts in diversification rates are linked to specific geological and/or climatic events in the Mediterranean area and/or asexual reproduction (apomixis). Our results support a late Paleogene origin in the proto-Mediterranean area for Limonium, followed by extensive in situ diversification in the Mediterranean region during the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. We found significant increases of diversification rates in the \"Mediterranean lineage\" associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis, onset of Mediterranean climate, Plio-Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations, and apomixis. Additionally, the Euro-Mediterranean area acted as the major source of species dispersals to the surrounding areas. At the regional scale, we infer the biogeographic origins of insular endemics in the oceanic archipelagos of Macaronesia, and test whether woodiness in the Canarian Nobiles clade is a derived trait linked to insular life and a biotic driver of diversification. We find that Limonium species diversity on the Canary Islands and Cape Verde archipelagos is the product of multiple colonization events followed by in situ diversification, and that woodiness of the Canarian endemics is indeed a derived trait but is not associated with a significant shift to higher diversification rates. Our study expands knowledge on how the interaction between abiotic and biotic drivers shape the uneven distribution of species diversity across taxonomic and geographical scales.