这项基于问卷调查的研究比较了由捐赠者授精形成的36个以色列女同性恋母亲家庭(n=72个女同性恋母亲),由妊娠代孕形成的39个以色列同性恋父亲家庭(n=78个同性恋父亲),和36个以色列异性恋父母家庭(n=72个异性恋父母)通过辅助生殖(没有捐赠配子)形成,都有一个3-10岁的目标孩子。对这些家庭进行了父母辅助受孕社会化自我效能感检查,抑郁症,消极和积极的影响,生活满意度,积极性,弹性,社会支持,和儿童外化问题。还研究了与儿童外化问题相关的多种因素。多水平模型分析表明,父母的辅助概念社会化自我效能感在家庭组之间没有差异;然而,女同性恋母亲和男同性恋父亲报告了更少的儿童外部化问题和更多的社会支持,相对于异性恋父母。此外,女同性恋母亲——但不是男同性恋父亲——报告的抑郁程度较低,更大的生活满意度,比异性恋父母更积极。最后,不论家庭类型,更大的辅助受孕社会化自我效能感与更少的父母报告的儿童外化问题相关。研究结果是根据文化社会化框架和以色列的家庭和生殖主义环境来解释的。对卫生专业人员的影响,教育工作者,讨论了与不同家庭形式合作的政策制定者。
This questionnaire-based study compared 36 Israeli lesbian mother families (n = 72 lesbian mothers) formed by donor insemination, 39 Israeli gay father families (n = 78 gay fathers) formed by gestational surrogacy, and 36 Israeli heterosexual parent families (n = 72 heterosexual parents) formed by assisted reproduction (without donated gametes), all with a target child aged 3-10 years. The families were examined for parents\' assisted conception socialization self-efficacy, depression, negative and positive affect, life satisfaction, positivity, resilience, social support, and child externalizing problems. Multiple factors associated with child externalizing problems were also examined. Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that parents\' assisted conception socialization self-efficacy did not differ between family groups; however, lesbian mothers and gay fathers reported fewer child externalizing problems and greater social support, relative to heterosexual parents. Also, lesbian mothers-but not gay fathers-reported lower levels of depression, greater life satisfaction, and more positivity than did heterosexual parents. Finally, irrespective of family type, greater assisted conception socialization self-efficacy was associated with fewer parent-reported child externalizing problems. Findings are interpreted in light of the cultural socialization framework and Israel\'s familistic and pronatalist environment. Implications for health professionals, educators, and policymakers working with diverse family forms are discussed.