Rule changes within football-code team sports aim to improve performance, enhance player welfare, increase competitiveness, and provide player development opportunities. This manuscript aimed to review research investigating the effects of rule changes in football-code team sports. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) was performed to August 2023; keywords related to rule changes, football-code team sports, and activity type. Studies were excluded if they failed to investigate a football-code team sport, did not quantify the change of rule, or were review articles. Forty-six studies met the eligibility criteria. Four different football codes were reported: Australian rules football (n = 4), rugby league (n = 6), rugby union (n = 16), soccer (n = 20). The most common category was physical performance and match-play characteristics (n = 22). Evidence appears at a high risk of bias partly due to the quasi-experimental nature of included studies, which are inherently non-randomised, but also due to the lack of control for confounding factors within most studies included. Rule changes can result in unintended consequences to performance (e.g., longer breaks in play) and effect player behaviour (i.e., reduce tackler height in rugby) but might not achieve desired outcome (i.e., unchanged concussion incidence). Coaches and governing bodies should regularly and systematically investigate the effects of rule changes to understand their influence on performance and injury risk. It is imperative that future studies analysing rule changes within football codes account for confounding factors by implementing suitable study designs and statistical analysis techniques.

OBJECTIVE: Reaction databases are a key resource for a wide variety of applications in computational chemistry and biochemistry, including Computer-aided Synthesis Planning (CASP) and the large-scale analysis of metabolic networks. The full potential of these resources can only be realized if datasets are accurate and complete. Missing co-reactants and co-products, i.e., unbalanced reactions, however, are the rule rather than the exception. The curation and correction of such incomplete entries is thus an urgent need.
METHODS: The SynRBL framework addresses this issue with a dual-strategy: a rule-based method for non-carbon compounds, using atomic symbols and counts for prediction, alongside a Maximum Common Subgraph (MCS)-based technique for carbon compounds, aimed at aligning reactants and products to infer missing entities.
RESULTS: The rule-based method exceeded 99% accuracy, while MCS-based accuracy varied from 81.19 to 99.33%, depending on reaction properties. Furthermore, an applicability domain and a machine learning scoring function were devised to quantify prediction confidence. The overall efficacy of this framework was delineated through its success rate and accuracy metrics, which spanned from 89.83 to 99.75% and 90.85 to 99.05%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The SynRBL framework offers a novel solution for recalibrating chemical reactions, significantly enhancing reaction completeness. With rigorous validation, it achieved groundbreaking accuracy in reaction rebalancing. This sets the stage for future improvement in particular of atom-atom mapping techniques as well as of downstream tasks such as automated synthesis planning.
UNASSIGNED: SynRBL features a novel computational approach to correcting unbalanced entries in chemical reaction databases. By combining heuristic rules for inferring non-carbon compounds and common subgraph searches to address carbon unbalance, SynRBL successfully addresses most instances of this problem, which affects the majority of data in most large-scale resources. Compared to alternative solutions, SynRBL achieves a dramatic increase in both success rate and accurary, and provides the first freely available open source solution for this problem.

UNASSIGNED: Human error and violation of rules are perceived as deviations from some desired behavior, appearing variably in literature as either similar or opposing concepts. Behavioral deviations may be linked to accidents or considered a protective factor against them.
UNASSIGNED: This article aims to explore definitions, characteristics, classifications, and management approaches for behavioral deviations, specifically human error and violation of rules.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic literature review was conducted.
UNASSIGNED: The authors differ in defining and classifying error and violation, associating them with generation of accidents or their prevention. The management proposals for deviations highlighted by the authors were emphasized.
UNASSIGNED: The findings of this article reinforce the prominence of authors Jens Rasmussen and James Reason in the field. They assert that deviations are a natural aspect of the work process and even serve as a preventive factor against accidents, although their frequent association with accidents remains common in organizations. This study contributes to theoretical understanding by systematizing prevalent perspectives on deviation, human error, and violation of rules. It proposes a taxonomy and emphasizing the need for managing deviations, rather than combating them, especially in an organizational context.

In recent years, there has been an increase in outbreaks of diseases that are preventable by vaccination. As vaccination involves behavior, behavior analysts are uniquely positioned to contribute solutions to this socially significant problem. The present article explores a behavior-analytic approach to understanding the function of the behavior of both people who have their children vaccinated and those who do not have their children vaccinated, and potential interventions to increase vaccination rates. An introduction to the problem is followed by a brief history of the antivaccination movement. In our analysis, a failure to vaccinate is conceptualized as a noncompliance response (i.e., medical nonadherence), and conditions giving rise to that noncompliance are evaluated. In this process, the roles of avoidance, the functional-altering impact of rule-governed behavior, relational frames, and countercontrol are considered. Potential solutions informed by applied behavior-analytic literature, including contingency management and behavioral safety, are discussed.

This paper endeavors to examine the basic idea in Richard Epstein\'s book Simple Rules for a Complex World. It does so by considering a specific simple rule which was explicitly designed for complex world. A basic idea in Epstein\'s book is that the more complex is the world the better is the case for simple rules. To show this, he develops six simple rules pertaining to the rights of individuals, first possession, contracts, torts, government eminent domain and the power of taxation to provide public goods. This paper considers one rule rather than six rules, and it looks at monetary policy rather than policy in general. While the context is different, the case for simple rules made here provides a useful comparison with the case made by Epstein.

The study aims to identifying and exploring the methods and rules of the syndrome/pattern differentiation and treatment of headache through collating acupuncture-moxibustion prescriptions recorded earliest in ancient literature. Using Excel2016 software, the structural data table was prepared with \"name of disease\", \"location of disease\", \"etiology and pathogenesis\", \"complicated symptoms\", \"sites for acupuncture and moxibustion\" and \"techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion\" included. The normative approach was conduced on \"name of disease\", \"etiology and pathogenesis\", \"complicated symptoms\" and \"nomenclature of acupoint\". Using conventional literature statistical method, combined with Apriori algorithm of association rule, the implicit multi-dimensional correlation rules were explored among various elements of syndrome/pattern differentiation of headache and corresponding therapeutic methods. Based on the findings of the study, the regularity was distinct regarding the treatment at \"distal acupoints along the affected meridian and the local acupoints at the affected area\" after identifying the location of headache; the strong association was presented between \"etiology and pathogenesis\" and \"acupoint selection\", and between \"etiology and pathogenesis\" and \"therapeutic methods\", including 9 and 12 rules, respectively. Guanyuan (CV 4) selected in treatment of headache was associated with kidney deficiency, the combination of Zhongwan (CV 12) and Zusanli (ST 36) was with phlegm, Fengfu (GV 16), Fengchi (GB 20), Xinghui (GV 22) and Baihui (GV 20) was with wind, and Hegu (LI 4) was with cold. Moxibustion was dominant in treatment if headache was caused by pathogenic cold or related to deficiency syndrome; acupuncture was used specially for the case caused by phlegm, or interaction of wind and phlegm or wind and heat. For heat syndrome, either acupuncture or moxibustion was applicable, in general, acupuncture was more commonly used in comparison with moxibustion for headache. There were 6 association rules regarding the acupoint selection and the techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion. Moxibustion was generally applied to Xinghui (GV 22), Shangxing (GV 23) and Baihui (GV 20) ; and acupuncture was to Fengfu (GV 16), Hegu (LI 4) and Zusanli (ST 36). There were few association rules between the complicated symptoms and acupoint selection. Among nearly 100 complications, there were only 3 feature associations. Zhongwan (CV 12) was selected for the case with poor appetite, Chengjiang (CV 24) was with neck stiffness, and Fengchic (GB 20) combined with Fenglong (ST 40) or Jiexi (ST 41) was used if vertigo was present. In the ancient time, regarding the treatment of headache, acupuncture and moxibustion are delivered based on the three aspects, i.e. the location of illness, the etiology and pathogenesis, and the complicated symptoms. For acupoint selection, in line with the courses of affected meridians, the adjacent and distal acupoints are combined according to the location of headache. The acupoint prescription is composed in terms of the etiology and pathogenesis. The techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion are optimized in consideration of the sites where acupuncture and moxibustion are operated.
收集整理古代头痛针灸处方，辨识并基于首见文献挖掘其辨治方法与规律。采用Excel2016软件构建病名-病位-病因病机-兼症-刺灸处-刺灸法的结构化数据表，并对病名、病因病机、兼症、腧穴术语进行规范化处理。运用传统文献统计结合关联规则Apriori算法，挖掘头痛针灸辨证论治各要素间隐含的多维度关联规律。结果表明头痛辨病位时的循经远取和局部近取的规律性明显，病因病机与选穴、病因病机与治法的强关联较多，分别有9条与12条规则：选取关元的头痛均为肾虚证，选取中脘与足三里配伍者均因于痰，选取风府、风池、囟会、百会的病因多为风，选取合谷治疗时病因多为寒；头痛因感受寒邪或虚证所致均以灸法为主，病因为痰多用针刺，风兼痰或风兼热亦多用针刺，热证针灸均适用，但针刺比灸法多见；选穴与刺灸法的关联规则有6条，囟会与上星、百会多采用艾灸，风府、合谷、足三里多采用针刺；兼症与选穴的关联规则较少，约100种兼症只有3个症状与选穴有特征性关联：头痛伴不进饮食时选取中脘、头痛兼项强时选取承浆、头痛伴有目眩选取风池配丰隆或解溪。古代针灸治疗头痛的辨治方法主要体现在辨头痛部位、辨病因病机、辨兼症3个方面，根据病变所在经脉循经选穴、视病位不同近取与远取结合，以及根据病因病机选穴治疗、不同刺灸处选用更适宜的刺灸操作是其辨治规律。.

UK financial regulators are experimenting with the conversion of rulebook content into machine-readable and executable code. A major driver of these initiatives is the belief that the use of algorithms will eliminate the need for human interpretation as a deliberative process, and that this would be a welcome development because it will improve effectiveness while cutting time and costs for regulators and the industry alike. In this article, I set out to explain why human interpretation should be preserved and further harnessed if data-driven governance is to work at all. To support my thesis, I bring attention to the limited translatability of rulebook content into code, and to the difficulties for machines to engage with the full spectrum of tasks of analogical reasoning. I further contend that it would be desirable to preserve human interpretation on procedural grounds pertaining to the legitimacy of financial regulators. I conclude with recommendations about the future design of the financial rulebooks.

Different severities of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cause different levels of respiratory symptoms and systemic inflammation. DNA methylation, a heritable epigenetic process, also shows differential changes in different severities of COVID-19. DNA methylation is involved in regulating the activity of various immune cells and influences immune pathways associated with viral infections. It may also be involved in regulating the expression of genes associated with the progression of COVID-19.
In this study, a sophisticated machine-learning workflow was designed to analyze whole-blood DNA methylation data from COVID-19 patients with different severities versus healthy controls. We aimed to understand the role of DNA methylation in the development of COVID-19. The sample set contained 101 negative controls, 360 mildly infected individuals, and 113 severely infected individuals. Each sample involved 768,067 methylation sites. Three feature-ranking algorithms (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), light gradient-boosting machine (LightGBM), and Monte Carlo feature selection (MCFS)) were used to rank and filter out sites highly correlated with COVID-19. Based on the obtained ranking results, a high-performance classification model was constructed by combining the feature incremental approach with four classification algorithms (decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM)).
Some essential methylation sites and decision rules were obtained.
The genes (IGSF6, CD38, and TLR2) of some essential methylation sites were confirmed to play important roles in the immune system.

This paper surveys five human societal types - mobile foragers, horticulturalists, pre-state agriculturalists, state-based agriculturalists and liberal democracies - from the perspective of three core social problems faced by interacting individuals: coordination problems, social dilemmas and contest problems. We characterise the occurrence of these problems in the different societal types and enquire into the main force keeping societies together given the prevalence of these. To address this, we consider the social problems in light of the theory of repeated games, and delineate the role of intertemporal incentives in sustaining cooperative behaviour through the reciprocity principle. We analyse the population, economic and political structural features of the five societal types, and show that intertemporal incentives have been adapted to the changes in scope and scale of the core social problems as societies have grown in size. In all societies, reciprocity mechanisms appear to solve the social problems by enabling lifetime direct benefits to individuals for cooperation. Our analysis leads us to predict that as societies increase in complexity, they need more of the following four features to enable the scalability and adaptability of the reciprocity principle: nested grouping, decentralised enforcement and local information, centralised enforcement and coercive power, and formal rules.

UNASSIGNED: This study aims to establish criteria for convolution dose calculations and an efficient procedure to include the heterogeneity effects in GammaKnife radiosurgery (GKRS) treatment plans.
UNASSIGNED: We analyzed 114 GKRS cases of various disease types, tumor locations, sizes, the number of fractions, and prescription doses. There was a total of 205 tumors. CT scans were performed in addition to routine MRI scans for all treatments. All treatment plans were created using the TMR10 algorithm (TMR10). We repeated the dose calculations for this study with the convolution algorithm (Conv). We calculated the ratios between Conv and TMR10 of the treatment volume (TxtVol), the volume covered by half of the prescription dose (TxtVol2), the minimum, maximum, and mean doses in the tumor (minDose, maxDose, and meanDose), and the volume of tumor covered by the prescription isodose (covVol). We then categorized those quantities for locations of tumors represented by the shortest distance of the skull surface from the tumor center (distC) and the tumor edge (distE). [Table: see text].
UNASSIGNED: All six ratios increased with increasing distC and distE. For example, the median minDose ratio increased from 0.885 to 0.933 as distE increased. There was a statistically significant difference in the minDose ratio between tumors of distE < 2 cm and distE ≥ 2 cm. On the other hand, the median maxDose ratio was about 0.933 [0.928-0.939], being almost independent of distE. This suggested a 6.1% overestimation of the delivered dose with TMR10.
UNASSIGNED: The heterogeneity effects must be considered for the volume dose calculations by applying the convolution algorithm when the distance of the skull surface from the closest point of the tumor is less than 2 cm to achieve less than 3% accuracy.