Rhipicephalusmicroplus对全球的牲畜健康和农业经济构成了重大威胁。它对不同环境和宿主的显着适应性证明了其广泛的遗传多样性。这篇综述深入研究了R.microplus的遗传多样性,采用三个关键的遗传标记:细胞色素c氧化酶I(COX1)基因,核糖体基因,和微型卫星。COX1基因,遗传表征和系统发育聚类的重要工具,提供了对蜱的适应性的见解。核糖体基因,例如内部转录间隔区(ITS-1和2)以及18S和28S,通常用于物种分化。然而,由于indel(插入和删除),它们的使用受到限制。微型卫星和微型卫星,以其高度多态性而闻名,已成功用于研究各种蜱物种的种群和遗传多样性。尽管他们的有效性,无效等位基因和标记变异等挑战值得仔细考虑。Bm86,经过充分研究的候选疫苗,表现出巨大的遗传多样性。这种多样性直接影响疫苗的效力,对开发普遍有效的基于Bm86的疫苗构成挑战。此外,该综述强调了与合成拟除虫菊酯抗性相关的基因的普遍性。鉴定R.microplus的杀螨剂抗性基因中的单核苷酸多态性促进了用于检测和监测对合成拟除虫菊酯抗性的分子标记的开发。然而,钠通道中的突变,合成拟除虫菊酯的靶位点,与R.microplus的耐药状态有很好的相关性,其他杀螨剂靶基因的情况并非如此。这项研究强调了理解遗传多样性在制定有效的蜱管理策略中的重要性。遗传标记的选择应根据分类分辨率的水平和正在研究的蜱群进行调整。结合多个标记并整合其他分子和形态数据的整体方法可能会提供对蜱多样性和关系的更全面的了解。这项研究对制定育种计划,开发针对蜱和蜱传播疾病(TTBD)的疫苗以及抗性蜱的管理策略具有深远的意义。
Rhipicephalus microplus poses a substantial threat to livestock health and agricultural economies worldwide. Its remarkable adaptability to diverse environments and hosts is a testament to its extensive genetic diversity. This review delves into the genetic diversity of R. microplus, employing three pivotal genetic markers: the cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) gene, ribosomal genes, and microsatellites. The COX1 gene, a crucial tool for genetic characterization and phylogenetic clustering, provides insights into the adaptability of ticks. Ribosomal genes, such as internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and2) as well as 18S and 28S, are routinely utilized for species differentiation. However, their use is limited due to indels (insertions and deletions). Microsatellites and minisatellites, known for their high polymorphism, have been successfully employed to study populations and genetic diversity across various tick species. Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as null alleles and marker variations warrant careful consideration. Bm86, a well-studied vaccine candidate, exhibits substantial genetic diversity. This diversity directly influences vaccine efficacy, posing challenges for developing a universally effective Bm86-based vaccine. Moreover, the review emphasizes the prevalence of genes associated with synthetic pyrethroid resistance. Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms in the acaricide-resistant genes of R. microplus has facilitated the development of molecular markers for detecting and monitoring resistance against synthetic pyrethroids. However, mutations in sodium channels, the target site for synthetic pyrethroid, correlate well with the resistance status of R. microplus, which is not the case with other acaricide target genes. This study underscores the importance of understanding genetic diversity in developing effective tick management strategies. The choice of genetic marker should be tailored based on the level of taxonomic resolution and the group of ticks under investigation. A holistic approach combining multiple markers and integrating additional molecular and morphological data may offer a more comprehensive understanding of tick diversity and relationships. This research has far-reaching implications in formulating breeding programs and the development of vaccine against ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) as well as strategies for the management of resistant ticks.