研究人员越来越关注生态系统和环境中的锑(Sb)。锑主要通过人为(城市化,工业,煤炭开采,汽车,和生物固体废物)和地质(母体材料的自然和化学风化,浸出,和湿沉积)过程。Sb是一种有害金属,可能会危害人类健康。然而,其来源没有全面的信息,它在土壤中的行为,和它的生物蓄积性。因此,这项研究回顾了160多项同行评审的研究,这些研究考察了Sb的起源,土壤中的地球化学分布和形态,调控Sb动员的生物地球化学机制,生物利用度,和植物毒性。此外,研究了锑暴露对植物生理形态和生化属性的影响。Sb的毒性对植物生活的各个方面都有明显的影响,包括减少种子发芽和阻碍植物生长和发育,由于必需营养素的摄取受到限制,氧化损伤,光合系统的破坏,氨基酸和蛋白质的合成。各种广泛使用的Sb修复方法,如有机肥和堆肥,粉煤灰,生物炭,植物修复,基于微生物的生物修复,微量营养素,粘土矿物,和纳米修复,对其有效性进行严格评估,成本效益,以及在农业土壤中使用的适用性。这篇综述展示了植物如何应对锑胁迫,提供有关降低环境中Sb含量和降低食物链对生态系统和人类健康的风险的见解。检查不同的方法,如生物积累,生物吸附,静电吸引,和络合作用积极作用,以减少由Sb引起的污染农业土壤中的毒性。最后,强调了对遗传学和分子生物学技术最新进展的探索,这为对抗Sb毒性提供了有价值的见解。总之,这项全面审查的结果应有助于制定创新和有用的策略,以最大程度地减少Sb的吸收和污染,从而成功地管理Sb污染的土壤和植物,以减少环境和公共卫生风险。
Researchers are increasingly concerned about antimony (Sb) in ecosystems and the environment. Sb primarily enters the environment through anthropogenic (urbanization, industries, coal mining, cars, and biosolid wastes) and geological (natural and chemical weathering of parent material, leaching, and wet deposition) processes. Sb is a hazardous metal that can potentially harm human health. However, no comprehensive information is available on its sources, how it behaves in soil, and its bioaccumulation. Thus, this study reviews more than 160 peer-reviewed studies examining Sb\'s origins, geochemical distribution and speciation in soil, biogeochemical mechanisms regulating Sb mobilization, bioavailability, and plant phytotoxicity. In addition, Sb exposure effects plant physio-morphological and biochemical attributes were investigated. The toxicity of Sb has a pronounced impact on various aspects of plant life, including a reduction in seed germination and impeding plant growth and development, resulting from restricted essential nutrient uptake, oxidative damages, disruption of photosynthetic system, and amino acid and protein synthesis. Various widely employed methods for Sb remediation, such as organic manure and compost, coal fly ash, biochar, phytoremediation, microbial-based bioremediation, micronutrients, clay minerals, and nanoremediation, are reviewed with a critical assessment of their effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and suitability for use in agricultural soils. This review shows how plants deal with Sb stress, providing insights into lowering Sb levels in the environment and lessening risks to ecosystems and human health along the food chain. Examining different methods like bioaccumulation, bio-sorption, electrostatic attraction, and complexation actively works to reduce toxicity in contaminated agricultural soil caused by Sb. In the end, the exploration of recent advancements in genetics and molecular biology techniques are highlighted, which offers valuable insights into combating Sb toxicity. In conclusion, the findings of this comprehensive review should help develop innovative and useful strategies for minimizing Sb absorption and contamination and thus successfully managing Sb-polluted soil and plants to reduce environmental and public health risks.