Disclosures of sibling sexual behavior (SSB) usually affect all family members but there remains, however, a paucity in studies on therapeutical family interventions and how they can initiate changes in families. This study was designed to explore relational impacts of SSB disclosures, goals for therapy and interventions that helped a family initiate the recovery process after a SSB disclosure. A single case study design was used to analyze a family\'s long-term therapy process. Data on this N = 1 study comprised 18 interviews with involved therapists, five interviews with involved family members, therapy files, and notes on family sessions. Data was analyzed using a thematic approach. Relational traumas were experienced in broken relationships, relationships under pressure and damaged trust between family members. Therapy goals were to (1) recreate family\'s safety, (2) help the family process the SSB consequences and (3) restore trust and search for relationship healing. Appropriate interventions to target the goals included individual-centered psycho trauma treatment as well as interventions for the parents, the involved siblings, and the uninvolved siblings, followed by sessions between the involved siblings and with the whole family. Therapy outcomes were found in reduced individual trauma symptoms, a recreated sense of family safety, the start of relational trauma processing, and newfound forms of sibling/family relationships. This study provides a unique and comprehensive insight into a family\'s healing process after SSB disclosures from the perspectives of both professionals and family members. The effective interventions identified in this study may provide tools for therapists working with these families. This study may also offer greater insights into both the abusive and mutual types of SSB.

Studies on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which have been conducted predominantly with samples from Western cultures have found ACEs to be associated with poor health outcomes and relational impairments in adulthood. This study sought to contribute to the ACEs literature by investigating the long-term consequences of ACEs on the interpersonal functioning of adult survivors in Ghana, a non-Western culture. In the current study, the associations of five ACEs (high parental conflict, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect) with four types of relational impairments (alienation, insecure attachment, egocentricity, and social incompetence) were examined using a community sample of 403 adults who retrospectively provided self-reports of ACEs. The most frequently reported ACE in this sample was high parental conflict, while sexual abuse was the least frequently reported ACE. Participants with ACE histories had significantly more relational impairments than those with no ACE histories, however multiple regression analyses revealed no significant relational impairments in adulthood following any ACE experience, whether alone or in any combination, suggesting that cultural values such as collectivism and religiosity may play a protective role against ACEs negative effects in the interpersonal domain. The study\'s limitations, and the implications of these findings for the Ghanaian and other similar contexts are discussed.

The exposure of children and adolescents to trauma is one of the most important public health challenges. These childhood experiences play a role in children\'s attachment patterns with their parents and peers. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between exposure to trauma and the degree of attachment representations in school-aged children in Burundi. One hundred thirteen vulnerable children aged 7 to 12 years were recruited and referred by their teachers. We used an event list including the post-traumatic reaction index to measure their exposure to traumatic events and the People in My Life instrument to measure attachment representations. The results revealed that the children had experienced or witnessed at least one traumatic event. The results indicated that secure attachment representations were highest among children with their parents and lowest among children with their peers. The relationship between trauma experiences and children\'s attachment representations was significant with their parents and with their peers. Children\'s attachment representations with their parents and peers predicted their traumatic experiences. Future research should focus on how attachment relationships can facilitate counselors and clinicians in providing preventive psycho-education to adults and children to develop healthier functioning, through better knowledge of the complex interplay between traumas.

This study aims to contribute to the evaluation of online therapy during Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns, by exploring family therapists\' experiences of therapy for twelve Sibling Sexual Abuse (SSA) families in the Netherlands. Seven transcripts of interviews with highly specialised Dutch family therapists were analysed using thematic analysis (TA). Two main findings emerged from this study. First, the Dutch therapists reported no acute worries about their clients\' sexual safety during the pandemic lockdowns. Nonetheless, the switch to online therapy for the SSA families created concern regarding victim safety in speaking out freely at home. Second, while the sudden switch to online therapy enabled SSA therapists to stay connected with their SSA families, therapists experienced a decline in therapy quality and in their own well-being. In the therapists\' experience, it was almost impossible to conduct their most fundamental interventions online, such as intervening in family relationships.

This study is about how a therapeutic alliance is created and maintained with parents and their children working through a relational trauma. A case study design with narrative analysis as a method of research (Riessman, 2008) and a narrative approach of storying stories, inspired by McCormack (2000), is used. The participants of this study are the parents and their four children, aged between 14 and 5 years, and their systemic therapist. Rich data on the therapeutic alliance is gathered through, two live-family session observations and seven interviews, six of which were with the family members, and a two-part interview held with their therapist. Results show that the way of being of the therapist, including her ability to be intuitive and self-reflexive, and her ability to keep manoeuvrability in conversation and hold neutrality support her to connect with all the family. Creating conjoint and separate therapeutic spaces, using a creative play-based approach and navigating an alliance with the school and medical professionals, were important suggestions for practice in the field. Additionally, collaborating with parents, and balancing the benefits and drawbacks of involving children to make therapy meaningful for all, are also suggested. Specific recommendations for engagement with siblings of the identified-problem child are elicited. The strength of this study is that children\'s voices, along with those of their parents\' and their systemic therapist are reported. Suggestions for practice to support children and their families who are working through a relational trauma are brought forward.

BACKGROUND: Offenders are more likely than the general population to have experienced relationship trauma. They are also more likely to have lower empathy. To date, relationships between historical trauma and later empathic states have not been examined among offenders.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between history of trauma in close personal relationships and empathy among offenders. Our research question is: Is such relational trauma associated with self-rated impairments in empathy?
METHODS: All men with a primary school education and above at a single all-male prison in Jiangsu Province in China were invited to participate. The self-reported Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to evaluate empathy, and the Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey was to explore interpersonal trauma and classify such experiences.
RESULTS: Interpersonal trauma was associated with higher personal distress and lower empathic concern among men reporting relational trauma in adulthood, but only higher personal distress when the trauma reported was in childhood. Non-relational trauma was associated with higher empathic concern. Cognitive aspects of empathy varied little between groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings add to the existing literature by making distinctions between the types of trauma and the age of key experience in its relationship to self-reported empathy. The differences found suggest that it may be helpful to consider planning any trauma-related interventions differently according to the type and age of trauma experiences.

People with intellectual disabilities are more likely to experience adverse childhood experiences than those in the general population. Additionally, the conceptualization of \'trauma\' is far broader than traditionally understood in order to encompass the far reaching relational nature of people with intellectual disabilities traumatic experiences. This reflective account details the first steps one service took to embrace trauma-informed care as a whole systems approach. The paper is a response to calls following conference presentations about our work, to share the process of the beginning of this journey, it also aims to provide key learning points, practical considerations and questions for reflection in order to support other services to begin their own relationships with trauma-informed care.

Children who experience maltreatment from within their families can suffer trauma that is devastating to their physical and psychological development. The label developmental trauma has developed to describe this trauma and to guide diagnosis. This has been expanded to describe seven domains of impairment. Together these help the clinician to provide a formulation of a child\'s difficulties which avoids multiple diagnoses and can guide treatment planning. Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy and Practice (DDP) is an intervention model that can meet the therapeutic needs of the children alongside the support needs of parents and practitioners caring for them. The attitude of PACE (playfulness, acceptance, curiosity and empathy) is central within DDP interventions, used by therapists, parents and practitioners who together make up the network around the child. Tailoring DDP interventions can be guided by a pyramid of need developed by the author. This helps clinicians develop flexible intervention packages tailored to the needs of the child, family and practitioner. Within the paper these ideas are explored illustrated by the fictional example of Janice. She was maltreated in early childhood and now lives in foster care with Mary and Simeon.

Intergenerational trauma is a discrete form of trauma which occurs when traumatic effects are passed across generations without exposure to the original event. This qualitative study aimed to explore how psychiatrists understand intergenerational trauma in respect to their practice, for the purposes of identifying interventions for addressing intergenerational trauma in public mental health services. Findings revealed that psychiatrists observe intergenerational trauma frequently in their roles and try to opportunistically promote awareness of trauma with adults, and refer families to external services for supportive interventions. They feel powerless when faced with directly intervening with intergenerational trauma and required restructuring of their roles to adequately address it in public settings. Findings have implications for training, advocacy and research on the relationship between trauma and mental illness. Alongside this, there is an indicated need for examination of how systems can ensure access to appropriate services once organisations become trauma-informed.

Despite the longstanding theoretical association in the attachment literature between maternal trauma history and disturbances in the mother-infant interaction, few studies have investigated mechanisms of transmission of traumatogenic relational patterns in high-risk mother-infant dyads. This study investigated interrelationships among maternal trauma history, distorted maternal representations (DMRs, i.e. disturbed thoughts and feelings about the infant and self-as-parent), maternal mentalisation (i.e. capacity to conceive of self and other\'s intentions in terms of mental states including thoughts, feelings, and desires), and quality of interaction in a clinical sample of mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) features and their infants (N = 61). Measures used included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Parent Development Interview, Mother-Infant Relationship Scale, Borderline Symptom Checklist-23, and the Emotional Availability Scales. The results indicated BPD features mediated the relationship between maternal trauma history and DMRs predicting disturbance in interaction. In addition, analyses showed that maternal mentalisation had a buffering effect between DMRs and maternal non-hostility and yet the severity of BPD features moderated the relationship between mentalisation and DMRs. The findings suggest postpartum borderline pathology may adversely impact the experience of being a parent for women with a relational trauma history including deficits in mentalisation (i.e. hypermentalising) and disturbances in the mother-infant interaction. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
A pesar de la larga asociación teorética en la literatura de la afectividad entre el historial de trauma materno y perturbaciones en la interacción madre-infante, pocos estudios han investigado mecanismos de transmisión de patrones de relación traumatogénicos en díadas madre-infante de alto riesgo. Este estudio investigó interrelaciones entre el historial de trauma materno, las distorsionadas representaciones maternas (DMR, v.g. pensamientos y sentimientos perturbados acerca del infante y de sí misma como madre), la mentalización materna (v.g. capacidad para concebir las intenciones propias y de otros en términos de estados mentales), y la calidad de interacción en un grupo muestra clínico de madres con características de Trastornos de Personalidad Limítrofe (BPD) y sus infantes (N = 61). Entre las medidas usadas están el Cuestionario de Trauma de Niñez, la Entrevista de Desarrollo de la Progenitora, la Escala de Relación Madre-Infante, la Lista de Verificación de Síntomas de Personalidad Limítrofe - 23, y las Escalas de Disponibilidad Emocional. Los resultados indicaron que las características BPD mediaron la relación entre el historial de trauma materno y las DMR prediciendo perturbaciones en la interacción. Es más, los análisis mostraron que la mentalización materna tenía un efecto amortiguador entre las DMR y la no hostilidad materna y aun así la severidad de las características BPD moderaron la relación entre la mentalización y las DMR. Los resultados sugieren que la patología limítrofe posterior al parto pudiera impactar adversamente la experiencia de ser madre para mujeres con historial de trauma, incluyendo déficits en la mentalización (v.g. la hipermentalización) y las perturbaciones en la interacción madre-infante. Se discuten las implicaciones para la investigación y la práctica clínica.
En dépit de la longue association théorique dans les recherches sur l\'attachement entre le passé de trauma de la mère et les perturbations dans l\'interaction mère-bébé, il existe peu d’études portant sur les mécanismes de transmission de patterns relationnels traumagénétiques chez les dyades mère-bébé à haut risque. Cette étude s\'est penchée sur les interrelations entre le passé de trauma de la mère, des représentations maternelles déformées (des DMR, c\'est-à-dire des pensées déformées ainsi que des sentiments déformés sur le bébé et soi-même en tant que parent), la mentalisation maternelle (c\'est-à-dire la capacité de concevoir ses propres intentions ainsi que celles des autres en termes d’états mentaux), et la qualité de l\'interaction chez un échantillon clinique de mères ayant les caractéristiques du trouble de la personnalité limite et leurs bébé (N = 61). Les mesures utilisées ont inclus le Questionnaire de Trauma de l\'Enfance, l\'Entretien du Développement du Parent, l\'Echelle de Relation Mère-Bébé, la Checklist de Symptômes de la Personnalité Limite-23, ainsi que les Echelles de Disponibilité Emotionnelle. Les résultats ont indiqué que les traits de TPL affectaient la relation entre l\'histoire de trauma de la mère et les DMS = R prédisant une perturbation dans l\'interaction. De plus les analyses ont montré que la mentalisation maternelle faisait effet de tampon entre les DMR et la non-hostilité maternelle et pourtant la sévérité des traits TPL modérait la relation entre la mentalisation et les DMR. Les résultats suggèrent qu\'une pathologie limite postpartum pourrait avoir un impact adverse sur l\'expérience de parentage pour les femmes ayant un passé de trauma, y compris des déficits dans la mentalisation (par exemple, une hyper-mentalisation) et des perturbations dans l\'interaction mère-bébé. Les implications pour les recherches et la pratique clinique sont discutées.
Die Beurteilung früher Beziehungsstörungen in Hochrisikopopulationen: Merkmale einer Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung, der mentale Zustand der Mutter und beobachtete Interaktion Obwohl der theoretische Zusammenhang zwischen mütterlicher Traumaanamnese und Störungen der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion in der Bindungsliteratur seit vielen Jahren betont wird, haben bisher nur wenige Studien die Mechanismen der Übertragung traumatogener Beziehungsmuster bei Mutter-Kind-Dyaden untersucht, die einer Hochrisikopopulation angehören. Diese Studie untersuchte Zusammenhänge zwischen mütterlicher Traumaanamnese, verzerrten mütterlichen Repräsentationen (distorted maternal representations; DMRs, d.h. gestörte Gedanken und Gefühle über das Kind und das Selbst als Elternteil), mütterlicher Mentalisierung (d.h. die Fähigkeit die eigene Intention oder die Intentionen anderer durch Zuschreibung mentaler Zustände zu interpretieren) und der Qualität der Interaktion in einer klinischen Stichprobe von Müttern mit Merkmalen einer Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPS) und ihren Säuglingen (N = 61). Zu den verwendeten Messinstrumenten gehörten der Kindheitstrauma-Fragebogen, das Elternentwicklungsinterview, die Mutter-Kind-Beziehungsskala, die Borderline-Symptom-Checkliste 23 und die Skala für emotionale Verfügbarkeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass BPS-Merkmale die Effekte von mütterlicher Traumaanamnese und DMRs auf eine gestörte Interaktion mediierten. Darüber hinaus zeigten die Analysen, dass die mütterliche Mentalisierungsfähigkeit eine Pufferwirkung auf den Zusammenhang zwischen DMRs und mütterlicher Nicht-Feindlichkeit hatte. Außerdem moderierte die Schwere der BPS-Merkmale den Zusammenhang zwischen Mentalisierungfähigkeit und DMRs. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Erfahrung, Eltern zu werden, bei Frauen mit Traumaanamnese durch eine postpartale Borderline-Pathologie nachteilig beeinflusst werden kann. Dies kann zu Defiziten in der Mentalisierung (d.h. Hypermentalisierung) und Störungen in der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion führen. Implikationen für Forschung und klinische Praxis werden diskutiert.
高リスク集団における早期関係性障害についての研究:境界性パーソナリティ障害の特徴、母親の精神状態と観察された相互作用 母親のトラウマ歴と母子相互作用における混乱との間に関するアタッチメントの 文献では長年、理論と関連づけているにもかかわらず、高リスクの母子における 外傷性関係パターン伝達の実際の仕組みについては研究が数少ない。本研究では、 境界性パーソナリティ障害(BPD)の特徴のある母親とその乳幼児(N = 61)という臨 床サンプルにおける、母親のトラウマ歴、歪んだ母親の表象(DMRs 例:乳幼児や 親としての自分についての混乱した思考や情動)、 母親のメンタライゼーション (例:心理状態面に関し、自分や他人の意志を想像する能力)、相互作用の質とい う４項目間の相互関係について研究した。測定については、幼少期のトラウマ質 問紙、親の発達インタビュー、母子関係尺度、境界性の症状チェックリスト23 ( BSL-23) と 情動応答性尺度を使用した。結果は、相互作用の混乱を予測できる 母親のトラウマ歴とDMRs間の関係と関連していると示唆された。さらに、分析で は、母親のメンタライゼーションがDMRsと母親の非敵意間の緩衝効果になってい るが、それでもBPDの特徴の深刻度が、メンタライゼーションとDMRs間の関係を 抑えていることを明らかにした。結果は、産後の境界病理は、メンタライゼーシ ョンの欠乏(例:ハイパーメンタライジング) や母子相互作用の混乱を伴ったト ラウマ歴のある女性にとって、親になるという体験に悪影響を与える可能性があ ると思われる。研究と臨床実践にとっての意義について議論する。.
尽管在依恋关系的文献中, 对母亲创伤史与母婴互动障碍之间理论关系的研究已经很长时间了, 但很少有研究探讨高危母婴关系中创伤模式的传播机制。本文以具有边缘性人格障碍 (BPD) 特征的母亲及其婴儿 (N = 61) 为研究对象, 探讨了母亲创伤史、扭曲的母亲表征 (DMRs, 即对婴儿和身为父母的不安想法和感觉)、母亲心智化 (即设想自我和他人心理状态的能力) 和互动质量之间的相互关系。使用的测量方法包括儿童期创伤问卷、父母发展访谈、母婴关系量表、边缘型症状列表和有效情感回馈量表。结果发现, BPD特征影响了母亲创伤史与DMRs之间的关系, DMRs可以预测母婴互动障碍。此外, 分析显示, 虽然母亲心智化能够缓冲DMRs和母亲非敌对情绪之间的关系, 但BPD特征的严重程度是母亲心智化与DMRs关系的调节变量。研究结果表明, 产后边缘性病理特征可能会对有创伤史的女性作为父母的经历产生不利影响, 这些创伤史包括心智化缺陷 (即过度心智化) 和母婴互动障碍。本文同时讨论了对今后研究和临床实践的启示。.
تقييم الاضطرابات العلائقية المبكرة في السكان المعرضين للمخاطرة العالية: سمات اضطراب الشخصية الحدية، والحالة النفسية للأمهات والتفاعل الملحوظ على الرغم من الارتباط النظري الطويل الأمد في أدبيات التعلق بين تاريخ الصدمات الأمومية والاضطرابات في التفاعل بين الأم والرضيع، لم تحقق سوى دراسات قليلة في آليات انتقال الأنماط العلائقية ذات الصدمات في الدياز الأم والرضيع عالية الخطورة. بحثت هذه الدراسة العلاقات المتبادلة بين تاريخ الصدمات الأمومية، والتمثيلات الأمومية المشوهة (DMRs أي الأفكار والمشاعر المضطربة حول الرضع والوالدين)، والتمثيلات العقلية عن الأم (أي القدرة على تصور الذات ونوايا الآخرين من حيث الحالات النفسية)، ونوعية التفاعل في عينة سريرية من الأمهات المصابات باضطرابات الشخصية الحدية (BPD) والرضع (N = 61). وشملت المقاييس المستخدمة استبيان صدمات الطفولة، ومقابلة نمو الوالدين، ومقياس العلاقة بين الأم والرضيع، وقائمة مرجعية للأعراض الحدية- 23، ومقاييس التوافر العاطفي. وأشارت النتائج إلى أن ميزات BPD توسطت في العلاقة بين تاريخ الصدمات الأمومية والتمثيلات المشوهة للأمومة DMRs التي تتوقع حدوث اضطراب في التفاعل. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أظهرت التحليلات أن التمثيل العقلي عند الأمهات كان له تأثير عازل بين DMRs وعدم العدائية عند الأمهات، ومع ذلك فإن شدة سمات BPD خففت من العلاقة بين التمثيل النفسي وDMRs. وتشير النتائج إلى أن الأمراض الحدية بعد الولادة قد تؤثر سلباً على تجربة أن تكون والداً للنساء اللواتي يعانين من تاريخ الصدمة، بما في ذلك العجز في التمثيل النفسي والاضطرابات في التفاعل بين الأم والرضيع. وتناقش الآثار المترتبة على البحوث والاجراءات الاكلينيكية.