强互惠(SR)最近受到了激烈的争论。在这场辩论中,“西营”(West等人。在EvolHumBehav32(4):231-262,2011),这对SR的情况至关重要,和“拉兰阵营”(拉兰等人。在科学,334(6062):1512-1516,2011,BiolPhilos28(5):719-745,2013),同情SR的情况,似乎采取了截然相反的立场。西方阵营批评SR的拥护者将直接和最终的因果关系混为一谈。据说SR是其倡导者提出的一种近似机制,是对人类合作的最终解释。因此,西方阵营指责SR的拥护者没有注意迈尔在最终和直接因果关系之间的原始区别。拉兰阵营赞扬SR的拥护者修改了迈尔的区别。据说SR的拥护者用相互因果关系的双向观点代替了Mayr对最终原因和近因之间关系的单向观点。本文认为,西方阵营和拉兰阵营都歪曲了SR的拥护者的立场。西方阵营是正确的,SR是人类合作的直接原因。但是,与其提出SR作为最终的解释,正如西方阵营所说,SR的拥护者认为SR本身需要最终的解释。SR的拥护者倾向于将基因文化共同进化理论作为正确的元理论框架,以推进对SR的最终解释。尽管出现了,基因-文化共同进化理论并不意味着Laland等人。互惠因果关系的概念。“互惠因果关系”表明,近因和最终原因同时相互作用,而SR的倡导者认为它们是顺序互动的。最后,我认为理解这场辩论的最好方法是消除迈尔的终极区分的歧义。我建议保留“最终”和“近似”以进行不同的解释,并使用其他术语来区分不同类型的原因和总因果链产生行为的不同部分。
Strong reciprocity (SR) has recently been subject to heated debate. In this debate, the \"West camp\" (West et al. in Evol Hum Behav 32(4):231-262, 2011), which is critical of the case for SR, and the \"Laland camp\" (Laland et al. in Science, 334(6062):1512-1516, 2011, Biol Philos 28(5):719-745, 2013), which is sympathetic to the case of SR, seem to take diametrically opposed positions. The West camp criticizes advocates of SR for conflating proximate and ultimate causation. SR is said to be a proximate mechanism that is put forward by its advocates as an ultimate explanation of human cooperation. The West camp thus accuses advocates of SR for not heeding Mayr\'s original distinction between ultimate and proximate causation. The Laland camp praises advocates of SR for revising Mayr\'s distinction. Advocates of SR are said to replace Mayr\'s uni-directional view on the relation between ultimate and proximate causes by the bi-directional one of reciprocal causation. The paper argues that both the West camp and the Laland camp misrepresent what advocates of SR are up to. The West camp is right that SR is a proximate cause of human cooperation. But rather than putting forward SR as an ultimate explanation, as the West camp argues, advocates of SR believe that SR itself is in need of ultimate explanation. Advocates of SR tend to take gene-culture co-evolutionary theory as the correct meta-theoretical framework for advancing ultimate explanations of SR. Appearances notwithstanding, gene-culture coevolutionary theory does not imply Laland et al.\'s notion of reciprocal causation. \"Reciprocal causation\" suggests that proximate and ultimate causes interact simultaneously, while advocates of SR assume that they interact sequentially. I end by arguing that the best way to understand the debate is by disambiguating Mayr\'s ultimate-proximate distinction. I propose to reserve \"ultimate\" and \"proximate\" for different sorts of explanations, and to use other terms for distinguishing different kinds of causes and different parts of the total causal chain producing behavior.