头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)是一种侵袭性头颈部癌,难以治疗,常伴有不良预后。HNSCC是全球第六大最常见的癌症,强调需要开发新的治疗这种疾病。HNSCC的当前护理标准通常涉及手术切除的组合,放射治疗,和化疗。化疗因其有害的副作用而臭名昭著,包括恶心,疲劳,脱发,还有更多.由于头部和颈部区域的解剖结构以及正常组织的存在,放射治疗可能是一个挑战。除了化疗和放疗的缺点,HNSCC的高发病率和高死亡率凸显了对替代治疗方案的迫切需求.免疫疗法最近已成为包括HNSCC在内的癌症的可能治疗选择。其中单克隆抗体用于帮助免疫系统对抗疾病。结合美国食品和药物管理局批准的单克隆抗体,如西妥昔单抗和派姆单抗,对局部晚期患者进行放疗或铂类化疗,经常性,或转移性HNSCC是公认的一线治疗。靶向放射性核素治疗可能与一线治疗结合使用。或者作为额外的治疗选择,改善患者预后和生活质量。表皮生长因子受体是HNSCC的已知分子靶标;然而,其他靶标,例如人表皮生长因子受体2,人表皮生长因子受体3,程序性细胞死亡蛋白1和程序性死亡配体1,是诊断和治疗HNSCC的新兴分子靶标。为了开发成功的放射性药物,首先必须了解感兴趣的疾病的分子生物学。对于癌症,这种理解通常意味着分子靶标的检测和表征,如细胞表面受体,可以用作敏感的靶向剂。本文的目的是探索HNSCC的分子靶标,并剖析先前在核医学中进行的研究,并为开发用于HNSCC靶向放射性核素治疗的新型放射性药物提供可能的途径。到目前为止还没有得到充分的探索。
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a type of head and neck cancer that is aggressive, difficult to treat, and often associated with poor prognosis. HNSCC is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, highlighting the need to develop novel treatments for this disease. The current standard of care for HNSCC usually involves a combination of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is notorious for its detrimental side effects including nausea, fatigue, hair loss, and more. Radiation therapy can be a challenge due to the anatomy of the head and neck area and presence of normal tissues. In addition to the drawbacks of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, high morbidity and mortality rates for HNSCC highlight the urgent need for alternative treatment options. Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a possible treatment option for cancers including HNSCC, in which monoclonal antibodies are used to help the immune system fight disease. Combining monoclonal antibodies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, such as cetuximab and pembrolizumab, with radiotherapy or platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic HNSCC is an accepted first-line therapy. Targeted radionuclide therapy can potentially be used in conjunction with the first-line therapy, or as an additional treatment option, to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Epidermal growth factor receptor is a known molecular target for HNSCC; however, other targets such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 3, programmed cell death protein 1, and programmed death-ligand 1 are emerging molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of HNSCC. To develop successful radiopharmaceuticals, it is imperative to first understand the molecular biology of the disease of interest. For cancer, this understanding often means detection and characterization of molecular targets, such as cell surface receptors, that can be used as sensitive targeting agents. The goal of this review article is to explore molecular targets for HNSCC and dissect previously conducted research in nuclear medicine and provide a possible path forward for the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals used in targeted radionuclide therapy for HNSCC, which has been underexplored to date.