药用植物黄花蒿因其产生青蒿素的能力而备受推崇,用于治疗疟疾。潜在影响黄花菊的生物量和次生代谢产物的合成是植物营养,特别是磷(P)。然而,大部分土壤磷以不溶性无机和有机磷酸盐形式存在,这导致低磷利用率限制植物的生长和发育。尽管植物已经开发了几种适应低磷水平的策略,遗传和代谢对P状态的反应在很大程度上仍然未知。在一个受控的温室实验中,微溶的P形式,羟基磷灰石(Ca5OH(PO4)3/CaP)用于模拟磷利用率低的钙质土壤。相比之下,使用可溶性P形式KH2PO4/KP作为对照。A.Annua\的形态特征,增长,并测定了青蒿素的浓度,RNA测序用于鉴定两种不同P形式下的差异表达基因(DEG)。总生物量,植物高度,叶数,和茎直径,以及叶面积,下降64.83%,27.49%,30.47%,38.70%,与KP相比,CaP为54.64%;然而,LC-MS测试表明,与KP相反,CaP中每单位生物量的青蒿素含量明显上升了37.97%。转录组分析显示2015年DEGs(1084上调和931下调)在两个P形式之间,包括39个转录因子(TF)家族。进一步分析表明,DEGs主要富集在碳水化合物代谢中,次生代谢产物生物合成,酶催化活性,信号转导,等等,例如三羧酸(TCA)循环,糖酵解,淀粉和蔗糖代谢,类黄酮生物合成,P代谢,和植物激素信号转导。同时,几个青蒿素生物合成基因上调,包括DXS,GPPS,GGPS,MVD,ALDH,可能增加青蒿素的积累。此外,21个TF家族,包括WRKY,MYB,bHLH,还有ERF,在对CaP的反应中上调,确认它们在P吸收中的重要性,内部P循环,和青蒿素生物合成调控。我们的结果将使我们能够理解低P可用性如何影响植物发育的平行转录控制,增长,青蒿素的生产。本研究可为今后研究黄菊低磷适应的分子机制奠定基础。
The medicinal herb Artemisia annua L. is prized for its capacity to generate artemisinin, which is used to cure malaria. Potentially influencing the biomass and secondary metabolite synthesis of A. annua is plant nutrition, particularly phosphorus (P). However, most soil P exist as insoluble inorganic and organic phosphates, which results to low P availability limiting plant growth and development. Although plants have developed several adaptation strategies to low P levels, genetics and metabolic responses to P status remain largely unknown. In a controlled greenhouse experiment, the sparingly soluble P form, hydroxyapatite (Ca5OH(PO4)3/CaP) was used to simulate calcareous soils with low P availability. In contrast, the soluble P form KH2PO4/KP was used as a control. A. annua\'s morphological traits, growth, and artemisinin concentration were determined, and RNA sequencing was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under two different P forms. Total biomass, plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter, as well as leaf area, decreased by 64.83%, 27.49%, 30.47%, 38.70%, and 54.64% in CaP compared to KP; however, LC-MS tests showed an outstanding 37.97% rise in artemisinin content per unit biomass in CaP contrary to KP. Transcriptome analysis showed 2015 DEGs (1084 up-regulated and 931 down-regulated) between two P forms, including 39 transcription factor (TF) families. Further analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, enzyme catalytic activity, signal transduction, and so on, such as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, P metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Meanwhile, several artemisinin biosynthesis genes were up-regulated, including DXS, GPPS, GGPS, MVD, and ALDH, potentially increasing artemisinin accumulation. Furthermore, 21 TF families, including WRKY, MYB, bHLH, and ERF, were up-regulated in reaction to CaP, confirming their importance in P absorption, internal P cycling, and artemisinin biosynthesis regulation. Our results will enable us to comprehend how low P availability impacts the parallel transcriptional control of plant development, growth, and artemisinin production in A. annua. This study could lay the groundwork for future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying A. annua\'s low P adaptation.