OBJECTIVE: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a controversial haemorrhage control intervention often touted as the bridge to definitive haemorrhage control. This review summarizes the evolution of REBOA from its inception to the latest applications with an emphasis on clinical outcomes.
METHODS: This is a narrative review based on a selective review of the literature.
RESULTS: REBOA remains a rarely utilized intervention in trauma patients. Complications have remained consistent over time despite purported improvements in catheter technology. Ischemia-reperfusion injuries, end-organ dysfunction, limb ischemia, and amputations have all been reported. Evidence-based guidelines are lacking, and appropriate indications and the ideal patient population for this intervention are yet to be defined.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite the hype, purported technological advancements, and the mirage of high-quality studies over the last decade, REBOA has failed to keep up to its expectations. The quest to find the solution for uncontrolled NCTH remains unsolved.

BACKGROUND: Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the mortality rate in AEF patients remains high because of its fulminant course, even with maximal intensive care. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a resuscitation technique to control life-threatening bleeding. It has become an important modality in the management of life-threatening, traumatic or non-traumatic, arterial bleeding. However, it\'s use in hemorrhagic shock caused by cancer has rarely been reported.
METHODS: A 51-year-old woman with a history of esophageal cancer presented to our emergency department with hematemesis. Computed tomography was performed because of a strong suspicion of hemorrhagic shock. With a diagnosis of AEF due to esophageal cancer, emergency thoracic endovascular aortic repair was performed while the bleeding was controlled using REBOA. Staged elective esophageal reconstruction was successfully performed.
CONCLUSIONS: Hemostasis is crucial in patients who present with suspected hemorrhagic shock attributable to AEF. The timely implementation of REBOA has shown promise and potential effectiveness in such cases.

UNASSIGNED: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is used to temporary control non-compressible truncal hemorrhage (NCTH) as bridge to definitive surgical treatment. The dependence on radiography for safe balloon positioning is one factor that limits the extended use of REBOA in civilian and military pre-hospital settings. We aimed to determine standardized sex and age-based variable-distance catheter insertion lengths for accurate REBOA placement without initial fluoroscopic confirmation.
METHODS: Contrast enhanced CT-scans from a representative sample of a Dutch non-trauma population were retrospectively analyzed. Intravascular distances were measured from the bilateral common femoral artery access points (FAAP) to the middle of the aortic occlusion zones and accompanying boundaries. Means and 95% confidence intervals for the distances from the FAAPs to the boundaries and mid-zone III were calculated for all (combined) sex and age-based subgroups. Optimal insertion lengths and potentially safe regions were determined for these groups. Bootstrap analysis was performed in combination with a 40-mm long balloon introduction simulation to determine error-rates and REBOA placement accuracy for the general population.
RESULTS: In total, 1354 non-trauma patients (694 females) were included. Vascular distances increased with age and were longer in males. The iliofemoral trajectory was 7 mm longer on the right side. The optimal zone I catheter insertion length would be 430 mm. Optimal zone III catheter insertion lengths showed up to 30 mm difference, ranging between 234 and 264 mm. Statistically significant and potentially clinically relevant differences were observed between the anatomical distances and necessary introduction depths for each subgroup.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to compare aortic morphology and intravascular distances between combined sex and age-based subgroups. As zone III length was consistent, length variability and elongation seem to mainly originate in the iliofemoral trajectory and zone II. The optimal zone I catheter insertion length would be 430 mm. Optimal zone III catheter insertion ranged between 234 and 264 mm. These standardized variable-distance insertion lengths could facilitate safer fluoroscopy-free REBOA in austere, pre-hospital settings.

BACKGROUND: Use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) for temporary hemorrhage control in severe non-compressible torso trauma remains controversial, with limited data on patient selection and outcomes. This study aims to analyze the nationwide trends of its use in the emergency department (EDs).
METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program (ACS-TQIP) from 2017 to 2022 was performed, focusing on REBOA placements in EDs.
RESULTS: The analysis included 3398 REBOA procedures. Majority patients were male (76 ​%) with a median age of 40 years (27-58) and injury severity score of 20 (20-41). The most common mechanism was collision (64 ​%), with emergency surgeries most frequently performed for pelvic trauma (14 ​%). Level 1 trauma centers performed 82 ​% of these procedures, with consistent low annual utilization (<200 facilities). Survival rates were 85 ​% at 1-h post-placement, decreasing significantly to 42 ​% by discharge.
CONCLUSIONS: REBOA usage in remains limited but steady, primarily occurring at level 1 trauma center EDs. While short-term survival rates are favorable, they drop significantly by the time of discharge.

The number of critically ill patients that present to emergency departments across the world continues to rise. In fact, the proportion of critically ill patients in emergency departments is now higher than pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. [1] The emergency physician (EP) is typically the first physician to evaluate and resuscitate the critically ill patient. Given the continued shortage of intensive care unit (ICU) beds, persistent staff shortages, and overall inefficient hospital throughput, EPs are often tasked with providing intensive care to these patients long beyond the initial resuscitation phase. Prolonged boarding of critically ill patients in the ED is associated with increased ICU and hospital length of stay, increased adverse events, ED staff burnout, decreased patient and family satisfaction, and, most importantly, increased mortality. [2-5]. As such, it is imperative for the EP to be knowledgeable about recent literature in resuscitation and critical care medicine, so that critically ill ED patients can continue to receive the best, most up-to-date evidence-based care. This review summarizes important articles published in 2023 that pertain to the resuscitation and management of select critically ill ED patients. Topics included in this article include cardiac arrest, post-cardiac arrest care, septic shock, rapid sequence intubation, severe pneumonia, transfusions, trauma, and critical procedures.

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UNASSIGNED: Fewer than one in ten out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients survive to hospital discharge in the UK. For prehospital teams to improve outcomes in patients who remain in refractory OHCA despite advanced life support (ALS); novel strategies that increase the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation, whilst preserving cerebral circulation, should be investigated. Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) has been shown to improve coronary and cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Early, prehospital initiation of REBOA may improve outcomes in patients who do not respond to standard ALS. However, there are significant clinical, technical, and logistical challenges with rapidly delivering prehospital REBOA in OHCA; and the feasibility of delivering this intervention in the UK urban-rural setting has not been evaluated.
UNASSIGNED: The Emergency Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (ERICA-ARREST) study is a prospective, single-arm, interventional feasibility study. The trial will enrol 20 adult patients with non-traumatic OHCA. The primary objective is to assess the feasibility of performing Zone I (supra-coeliac) aortic occlusion in patients who remain in OHCA despite standard ALS in the UK prehospital setting. The trial\'s secondary objectives are to describe the hemodynamic and physiological responses to aortic occlusion; to report key time intervals; and to document adverse events when performing REBOA in this context.
UNASSIGNED: Using compressed geography, and targeted dispatch, alongside a well-established femoral arterial access programme, the ERICA-ARREST study will assess the feasibility of deploying REBOA in OHCA in a mixed UK urban and rural setting.Trial registration.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06071910), registration date October 10, 2023, https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06071910.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the mortality of patients who received Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of The Aorta (REBOA) in severe pelvic fracture with hemorrhagic shock.
METHODS: The American College of Surgeon Trauma Quality Improvement Program (ACS-TQIP) database for the calendar years 2017-2019 was accessed for the study. The study included all patients aged 15 years and older who sustained severe pelvic fractures, defined as an injury with an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) score of ≥ 3, and who presented with the lowest systolic blood pressure (SBP) of < 90 mmHg. Patients with severe brain injury were excluded from the study. Propensity score matching was used to compare the patients who received REBOA with similar characteristics to patients who did not receive REBOA.
RESULTS: Out of 3,186 patients who qualified for the study, 35(1.1%) patients received REBOA for an ongoing hemorrhagic shock with severe pelvic fracture. The propensity matching created 35 pairs of patients. The pair-matched analysis showed no significant differences between the group who received REBOA and the group that did not receive REBOA regarding patients\' demography, injury severity, severity of pelvic fractures, lowest blood pressure at initial assessment and laparotomies. There was no significant difference found between REBOA versus no REBOA group in overall in-hospital mortality (34.3% vs. 28.6, P = 0.789).
CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not identify any mortality advantage in patients who received REBOA in hemorrhagic shock associated with severe pelvic fracture compared to a similar cohort of patients who did not receive REBOA. A larger sample size prospective study is needed to validate our results.
UNASSIGNED: Level of Evidence IV.

Hemorrhage is among the leading causes of death for trauma patients. Adjunct techniques used to control bleeding include use of aortic cross clamping, application of a pelvic binder, rapidly expanding hemostatic sponges, and extra-peritoneal packing. Additionally, Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) can provide life-saving proximal control for patients with massive internal hemorrhage. This study concerns a patient treated with Zone 1 REBOA for class IV hemorrhagic shock from a spontaneous common hepatic artery rupture. REBOA was performed at bedside in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) prior to definitive selective embolization. A healthy 28-year-old male suffered a grade 4 liver laceration and pancreatic head transection with associated duodenal injury after a high-speed motor vehicle collision. On arrival, the patient required a damage control laparotomy with multiple reoperations for management of his intra-abdominal injuries. By hospital day 11, significant visceral adhesions resulted in a frozen abdomen. On hospital day 20, the patient developed massive hematemesis, hematochezia, and class IV hemorrhagic shock. Vascular surgery was called to bedside in the SICU to perform REBOA. The patient received massive transfusion protocol while a 12 Fr sheath was inserted, and an aortic occlusion balloon was inflated in Zone 1 allowing for hemodynamic stabilization for transport and definitive management in the angiography suite. This case reports a novel use of REBOA, at bedside in the SICU, for the management of a massive gastrointestinal bleed in a patient with frozen abdomen. In this case, REBOA allowed us to achieve temporary hemodynamic stability prior to definitive control in the angiography suite. Bedside use of REBOA in the SICU prevented certain exsanguination and death.

UNASSIGNED: Obtaining percutaneous vascular access in hemodynamically unstable patients with constricted vessels can be challenging. Training combat medics in this procedure is necessary for administration of fluid and blood products and introducing endovascular bleeding control tools in pre-hospital settings. Echogenic coated needles might provide better ultrasound visibility in invasive procedures and hereby lower complications. The primary aim was to evaluate the efficacy of a microteaching program for obtaining ultrasound-guided femoral artery access for ultrasound inexperienced combat medics. The secondary aim was to assess the additional value of innovative echogenic coated needles in ultrasound-guided vascular access.
UNASSIGNED: Combat medics participated in a four-step microteaching program. The program consisted of a theoretical and step-by-step practical part with three different models including live and dead tissue & a REBOA Access Task Trainer. During the final test, all participants had to obtain femoral artery access on a pressurized post-mortem human specimen model with both echogenic coated and conventional needles. Self-perceived and observed performance as well as procedure times were scored.
UNASSIGNED: All nine participants succeeded in blood vessel visualization and obtaining vascular access in the two models within 3 minutes and were significantly faster during the second attempt on the pressurized post-mortem human specimen model. Scoring comparison and usability preference by ultrasound inexperienced personnel showed a significant difference in favor of the echogenic coated needles.
UNASSIGNED: Microteaching may be an effective approach to train combat medics in obtaining ultrasound-guided percutaneous femoral artery access. The use of echogenic coatings on needles could be a valuable adjunct and provide advantage in obtaining vascular access. Future research should focus on realistic simulation of austere situations and further evaluation of the use of echogenic coated instruments for vascular access in these pre-hospital settings.