小黄蜂Habrobraconhebetor毒液(HH毒液)是一种有效的毒素混合物,使受害者的肌肉瘫痪并抑制体液和细胞免疫。这项研究检查了HH毒液对特定生化指标的影响,生理,以及在体外条件下果蝇的胸部和神经(CNS)组织的超微结构特征。毒液处理调节超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,内源性Drome-AKH水平,并影响细胞的相对生存力。此外,它降低了中枢神经系统免疫系统相关基因的表达,包括Keap1,reliish,Nox,艾格,Gadd45和Domeless,以及胸部肌肉,除了Nox.此外,毒液治疗导致肌肉细胞超微结构的恶化变化,特别影响线粒体.当毒液和果蝇-脂肪动力学激素(Drome-AKH)一起使用时,单独的毒液的作用经常被调节。毒液对SOD活性的有害作用相对降低,活性恢复到与对照相似的水平。在中枢神经系统,毒液和激素的同时应用取消了以前报道的免疫相关基因的抑制(除了Gadd45),而在肌肉中,这只适用于Eiger.此外,Drome-AKH将细胞结构恢复到与对照组相当的水平,并减轻了HH毒液对肌肉线粒体的有害影响。这些发现表明D.melanogaster对HH毒液的一般身体反应以及Drome-AKH在此过程中的部分防御作用。
The minute wasp Habrobracon hebetor venom (HH venom) is a potent cocktail of toxins that paralyzes the victim\'s muscles and suppresses humoral and cellular immunity. This study examined the effect of HH venom on specific biochemical, physiological, and ultrastructural characteristics of the thoracic and nervous (CNS) tissues of Drosophila melanogaster under in vitro conditions. Venom treatment modulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), endogenous Drome-AKH level, and affected the relative viability of the cells. Additionally, it reduced the expression of genes related to the immune system in the CNS, including Keap1, Relish, Nox, Eiger, Gadd45, and Domeless, as well as in the thoracic muscles, except for Nox. Besides, venom treatment led to deteriorative changes in the ultrastructure of muscle cells, particularly affecting the mitochondria. When venom and Drosophila melanogaster-adipokinetic hormone (Drome-AKH) were applied together, the effects of the venom alone were often modulated. The harmful effect of the venom on SOD activity was relatively reduced and the activity returned to a level similar to that of the control. In the CNS, the simultaneous application of venom and hormones abolished the suppression of previously reported immune-related genes (except for Gadd45), whereas in the muscles, this was only true for Eiger. Additionally, Drome-AKH restored cell structure to a level comparable to that of the control and lessened the harmful effects of HH venom on muscle mitochondria. These findings suggest a general body response of D. melanogaster to HH venom and a partial defensive role of Drome-AKH in this process.