UNASSIGNED: Routine use of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines is recommended in adolescents under 15 years of age worldwide. Still, effective programs remain suboptimal for several factors, making the WHO strategy to eradicate cervical cancer public health with an uncertain future.
UNASSIGNED: To review the literature on the effectiveness, long-term protection, and safety of HPV vaccination programs and vaccination as adjuvant management. This review aims to describe the current state of vaccination programs and demonstrate the long-term protection and safety of vaccines implemented worldwide targeting adolescent girls, with the most recent published evidence of the three prophylactic HPV vaccines - bivalent (bHPV), quadrivalent (qHPV), and nonavalent (nHPV)-. We mainly focus on publications evaluating efficacy, dosing schemes, and HPV vaccination, as well as studies contributing to the mounting evidence for the real-life effectiveness of prophylactic HPV vaccines from several countries.
UNASSIGNED: Human Papillomavirus vaccination programs have made remarkable strides in preventing HPV-related diseases; countries with robust vaccination efforts have witnessed substantial reductions in HPV-related diseases with a decline in high-grade cervical abnormalities and genital warts (54%-83%). However, global coverage remains uneven, with disparities between high-income (HICs) and low-income countries (LMICs). The long-term efficacy of the available human papillomavirus (HPV) goes up to 9.4 years and continues to be immunogenic and well tolerated with an excellent safety profile.
UNASSIGNED: As these are crucial topics in HPV vaccination, it is essential to establish systems for continued monitoring of vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety over time.

Public research organizations and their interactions with industry partners play a crucial role for public health and access to medicines. The development and commercialization of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines illustrate how licensing practices of public research organizations can contribute to high prices of the resulting product and affect accessibility to vulnerable populations. Efforts by the international community to improve access to medicines have recognised this issue and promote the public health-sensitive management of research conducted by public research organizations. This paper explores: how medical knowledge is exchanged between public and private actors; what role inventor scientists play in this process; and how they view the implementation of public health-sensitive knowledge exchange strategies.
We conducted a systematic qualitative literature review on medical knowledge exchange and qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of public sector scientists working on HPV vaccines. We explored the strategies by which knowledge is exchanged across institutional boundaries, how these strategies are negotiated, and the views of scientists regarding public health-sensitive knowledge exchange.
We included 13 studies in the systematic review and conducted seven semi-structured interviews with high-ranking scientists. The main avenues of public-private medical knowledge exchange were publications, formal transfer of patented knowledge, problem-specific exchanges such as service agreements, informal exchanges and collaborative research. Scientists played a crucial role in these processes but appeared to be sceptical of public health-sensitive knowledge exchange strategies, as these were believed to deter corporate interest in the development of new medicines and thus risk the translation of the scientists\' research.
Medical scientists at public research institutions play a key role in the exchange of knowledge they generate and are concerned about the accessibility of medicines resulting from their research. Their scepticism towards implementing public health-sensitive knowledge management strategies appears to be based on a biased understanding of the costs and risks involved in drug development and a perceived lack of alternatives to private engagement. Scientists could be encouraged to exchange knowledge in a public health-sensitive manner through not-for-profit drug development mechanisms, education on industry engagement, and stronger institutional and legal backing.