系统代谢监测始于20世纪60年代末的德语国家,1970年代初,由于代谢紊乱的增加,导致不孕和乳腺炎,并旨在通过早期诊断进行预防。制定统一的监测标准:由Rossow发起,Gürtler,Ehrentraut,Seidel和Furcht在1970年代开发了标准的“牛生产中的代谢监测”。它包括农场分析,临床和生化控制,预防和随访控制。关键点是:定期筛查重负荷,健康指标动物产后2-4天(p.P.),产后2-8周,产后1-2周,最多10只动物/组,汇集的样本是有用的,最佳的是单个样本,使用信息丰富的样品底物和参数,精确处理标本,专家评估和后续行动。在1982年至1989年期间,大约242,000头奶牛的代谢控制显示出32.9%的酮症,20.0%代谢性酸中毒,21.9%代谢性碱中毒,34.2%氮代谢紊乱,17.3%的钠缺乏和23.7%的肝脏疾病。1989年后代谢谱的发展:较高产奶量下的参考值,脂肪动员综合征疾病的早期诊断,并通过新指标改善早期诊断,包括肌酸激酶(CK),碱性磷酸酶(AP)与同工酶,急性期蛋白,细胞因子,抗氧化剂,肉碱和脂蛋白组分,已建立。与牛奶分析相比,优化的血液和尿液筛查具有重要优势。通过准确分析原因和预防,它们是健康和性能稳定的重要方法。
结论:与生育相关的参数游离脂肪酸,β-羟基丁酸酯,尿素,无机磷酸盐,CK,AP,钠,钾,硒,铜,β-胡萝卜素和净酸碱排泄被证明是筛选的标准光谱。这些应该每年/牧群测试一次,如果有必要作为一个便宜的游泳池样品约50€。
Systematic metabolic monitoring began in German-speaking countries in the late 1960s, early 1970s, due to an increase in metabolic disorders as a cause of infertility and mastitis and aimed at their prevention through early diagnosis. Development of a unified monitoring standard: Initiated by Rossow, Gürtler, Ehrentraut, Seidel and Furcht a standard \"metabolic monitoring in cattle production\" was developed in the 1970s. It included farm analysis, clinical and biochemical controls, prophylaxis and follow-up controls. Key points were: periodic screenings of heavily loaded, healthy indicator animals 2-4 days post partum (p. p.), 2-8 weeks p. p. and 1-2 weeks ante partum, maximal 10 animals/group, pooled samples are useful, optimal are individual samples, use of informative sample substrate and parameters, precise handling of specimens, expert assessment and follow-up. Metabolic controls during 1982-1989 in approximately 242 000 cows revealed means of 32.9% ketoses, 20.0% metabolic acidosis, 21.9% metabolic alkalosis, 34.2% nitrogen-metabolism disorders, 17.3% sodium deficiency and 23.7% liver disorders. Development of a metabolic profile after 1989: Reference values at higher milk yield, early diagnosis of diseases of the fat mobilization syndrome and improved early diagnosis by new indicators, including creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (AP) with isoenzymes, acute phase proteins, cytokines, antioxidants, carnitine and lipoprotein fractions, were established. Optimized blood and urine screenings have important advantages over milk analysis. They are an important method of health and performance stabilization by exact analysis of causes and derived prevention.
CONCLUSIONS: The fertility related parameters free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, inorganic phosphate, CK, AP, sodium, potassium, selenium, copper, β-carotene and net acid-base excretion proved to be a standard spectrum for screenings. These should be tested once a year/herd, if necessary as an inexpensive pool sample for approximately 50 €.