Background: Violence within nighttime entertainment districts (NEDs) has been blamed on problematic masculinity and has predominantly been attributed to excessive alcohol intake and steroid use in men. In this report we conducted two studies to: (1) ascertain whether researchers could act as third-party raters of body weight and muscle mass in NED patrons; and (2) to examine the relationship between body self-image, inebriation, alcohol preloading behaviors and drug use in the NEDs. Methods: Study 1 employed an observational approach to establish inter-rater reliability for ratings of muscle mass and weight. In Study 2 data (n = 2,745) were collected through breathalyzing and questionnaires to examine individuals\' self-image and drinking and drug-taking behaviors. Results: Participants\' self-ratings of muscle and weight significantly differed from researchers\' ratings, with males perceiving themselves as less muscular and females perceiving themselves as heavier. Perceived weight and muscle size did not relate to alcohol levels, but an interaction was found for female steroid users who perceived themselves as less muscular. Conclusions: Findings indicated a distortion in participants\' perceived body image, with a desire for muscularity among both males and females. These results underscore the complex interplay between self-perception, societal ideals, and drug use in young NED patrons.

Mimicking anisotropic features is crucial for developing artificial load-bearing soft tissues such as menisci). Here, a high-density hydrogen bond locking (HDHBL) strategy, involving preloading a poly(N-acryloylsemicarbazide) (PNASC) hydrogel with an aqueous solution containing a hydrogen bond breaking agent, followed by water exchange, to fabricate anisotropic high-strength hydrogels are proposed. During this process, multiple high-density hydrogen bonds of the PNASC network are re-established, firmly freezing oriented molecular chains, and creating a network with an anisotropic microstructure. The resulting anisotropic hydrogels exhibit superior mechanical properties: tensile strength over 9 MPa, Young\'s modulus exceeding 120 MPa along the orientation direction, and fatigue thresholds exceeding 1900 J m-2. These properties meet the mechanical demands for load-bearing tissue substitutes compared to other reported anti-fatigue hydrogels. This strategy enables the construction of an anisotropic meniscal scaffold composed of circumferentially oriented microfibers by preloading a digital light processing-3D printed PNASC hydrogel-based wedge-shaped construct with a resilient poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide) hydrogel. The 12-week implantation of a meniscus scaffold in rabbit knee joints after meniscectomy demonstrates a chondroprotective effect on the femoral condyle and tibial plateau, substantially ameliorating the progression of osteoarthritis. The HDHBL strategy enables the fabrication of various anisotropic polymer hydrogels, broadening their scope of application.

Rapid advancements in human-machine interaction and voice biometrics impose desirability on soft mechanical sensors for sensing complex dynamic signals. However, existing soft mechanical sensors mainly concern quasi-static signals such as pressure and pulsation for health monitoring, limiting their applications in emerging wearable electronics. Here, we propose a hydrogel-based soft mechanical sensor that enables recording a wide range of dynamic signals relevant to humans by combining a preloading design strategy and iontronic sensing mechanism. The proposed sensor offers a two-orders-of-magnitude larger working bandwidth (up to 1000 Hz) than most of the reported soft mechanical sensors and meanwhile provides a high sensitivity (-23 dB) that surpasses the common commercial microphone. The amplitude-frequency characteristic of the proposed sensor can be precisely tuned to meet the desired requirement by adjusting the preloads and the parameters of the microstructured hydrogel. The sensor is capable of recording instrumental sounds with high fidelity from simple pure tones to melodic songs. Demonstration of a skin-mountable sensor used for human-voice-based remote control of a toy car shows great potential for applications in the voice user interface of human-machine interactions.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of concurrent smoking and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use on reported heaviness of smoking, nicotine (cotinine) body fluid and exhaled air carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations.
METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs, which test interventions permitting concurrent NRT use and smoking and comparing, within participants, outcomes when smoking with those when smoking and using NRT concurrently. Measurements included reported number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), body fluid cotinine and expired air CO concentrations.
RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies were included in the review. Meta-analysis of nine showed that, compared with when solely smoking, fewer cigarettes were smoked daily when NRT was used (mean difference during concurrent smoking and NRT use, -2.06 CPD [95% CI = -3.06 to -1.07, P < 0.0001]). Meta-analysis of seven studies revealed a non-significant reduction in exhaled CO during concurrent smoking and NRT use (mean difference, -0.58 ppm [95% CI = -2.18 to 1.03, P = 0.48]), but in the three studies that tested NRT used in the lead-up to quitting (i.e. as preloading), a similar reduction in exhaled CO was statistically significant (mean difference, -2.54 ppm CO [95% CI = -4.14 to -0.95, P = 0.002]). Eleven studies reported cotinine concentrations, but meta-analysis was not possible because of data reporting heterogeneity; of these, seven reported lower cotinine concentrations with concurrent NRT use and smoking, four reported no differences, and none reported higher concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS: People who smoke and also use nicotine replacement therapy report smoking less heavily than people who solely smoke. When nicotine replacement therapy is used in the lead-up to quitting (preloading), this reported smoking reduction has been biochemically confirmed. There is no evidence that concurrent smoking and nicotine replacement therapy use result in greater nicotine exposure than solely smoking.

Predrinking and drinking games (DGs) are common risky drinking practices among adolescents and young adults in many different countries around the world. However, most studies on these behaviors have been conducted with university student samples in a limited number of countries. Despite the risks of negative alcohol-related consequences associated with predrinking and DGs, these activities are quite prevalent among young people. In this prologue, we provide definitions for predrinking and DGs and an extensive overview of the known prevalence rates of predrinking and DGs among young people around the world. This special issue addresses known gaps in the literature by including articles which (a) use differing methodologies to examine predrinking or DGs behavior, (b) consider psychosocial and contextual factors that influence these behaviors, and (c) examine young people\'s perceptions of alcohol policies and interventions. Taken together this Special Issue offers an international view on how and why young people around the world engage in these risky drinking practices, and potential ways to address these behaviors.

Past research has either focused on alcohol or drug preloading before a night out, but not on the interaction between them. With increased risks of harm through interaction effects, we wished to build upon previous research in this area. We sought to determine who drug preloads, why do people engage in this practice, what drug/s are people using, and how inebriated they are as they enter the NED. Additionally, we examined what impact varying levels of police presence has on the collections of sensitive data in this context.
We captured estimates of drug and alcohol preloading from 4723 people entering nighttime entertainment districts (NEDs) in Queensland, Australia. Data collection occurred under three varying conditions of police presence (i.e., no police present, police present but not engaging with participants, and police engaging with participants).
People who admitted to preloading drugs were found to be younger in age than non-drug admitters, more likely to be male than female, use one type of drug (mostly stimulants) rather than multiple (if we exclude alcohol), significantly more intoxicated upon arrival, and more subjectively affected from their use of alcohol and drugs as Breath Approximated Alcohol Concertation levels increased. People were more likely to admit having used drugs in the absence of police, but this had only a small effect.
People who drug preload are a vulnerable subset of the youth population that is susceptible to experiencing harms in this context. As they drink more alcohol, they experience higher affects than those who do not report to also take drugs. Police engagement through service rather than force may mitigate some risks. Further enquiry is needed to better understand those who engage in this practice and to have quick, cheap, objective tests of what drugs these people are using.

暂无摘要。

In this research, the fatigue damage behavior under three-point bending of a composite joint incorporating a single countersunk fastener is investigated. Firstly, a self-developed fatigue test system was set up to test the fatigue characteristics of CFRP-countersunk bolted assembly under the displacement amplitude cycles of 103 to 106 to study the formation and expansion rule of damage and cracks. It found two typical damage processes, both of which involve some formal interface damage between fiber and matrix. Based on the experiment, a finite element fatigue damage analysis on this assembly was carried out according to the Hashin failure criterion. The simulation result shows an identical fatigue damage location and fatigue life with the experimental phenomenon. Moreover, it predicted the final fatigue life of the specimen under 10 hz cyclic loading with 1 mm displacement and 10 Nm bolt preloading. This research provides guidance for the engineering fatigue issues of single-bolted joint composite connection structures and provides a reference for the corresponding technical specifications formulation.

Background and Goal of Study: Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is frequently associated with a high incidence of hypotension, which may bring about untoward effects for both the mother and fetus. Recently, norepinephrine has emerged as a promising alternative in maintaining blood pressure in the obstetric setting. Fluid administration is another technique still widely used to prevent maternal hypotension. The optimal fluid strategy to prevent maternal hypotension has not been elucidated yet. It has been recently suggested that the main strategy in the prevention and management of hypotension should be the combination of vasoconstrictive medications and fluid administration. The aim of this randomized study was to compare the incidence of maternal hypotension in parturients receiving either colloid preload or crystalloid co-load in the setting of prophylactic norepinephrine infusion during elective cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Materials and Methods: After ethics committee approval, 102 parturients with full-term singleton pregnancies were randomly allocated to either 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 5 mL/kg before the onset of spinal anesthesia (colloid preload group) or Ringer\'s lactate solution 10 mL/kg concurrent with the subarachnoid injection (crystalloid co-load group). In both groups, norepinephrine 4 μg/min starting simultaneously with the administration of the subarachnoid solution was also administered. The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of maternal hypotension, defined as systolic arterial pressure (SAP) <80% of baseline. The incidence of severe hypotension (SAP < 80 mmHg), total dose of vasoconstrictive agents administered, as well as the acid-base status and Apgar score of the neonate and any incidence of maternal side effects were also recorded. Results: Data analysis was performed on 100 parturients: 51 in the colloid preload group and 49 in the crystalloid co-load group. No significant differences were demonstrated between the colloid preload group and the crystalloid co-load group in the incidence of hypotension (13.7% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.933) or the incidence of severe hypotension (0% vs. 4%, p = 0.238). The median (range) ephedrine dose was 0 (0-15) mg in the colloid preload group and 0 (0-10) mg in the crystalloid co-load group (p = 0.807). The incidence of bradycardia, reactive hypertension, requirement for modification of vasopressor infusion, time to the first occurrence of hypotension, and maternal hemodynamics did not differ between the two groups. There were no significant differences in other maternal side effects or neonatal outcomes between groups. Conclusions: The incidence of hypotension with a norepinephrine preventive infusion is low and comparable with both colloid preload and crystalloid co-load. Both fluid-loading techniques are appropriate in women undergoing cesarean delivery. It appears that the optimal regimen for prevention of maternal hypotension is a combined strategy of a prophylactic vasopressor such as norepinephrine and fluids.

Field research into the preloading phenomena has rarely examined how patrons move and transition into target events. We conceptualised three phases of the night (PotN) - entering, within and leaving - which a patron can be intercepted by a research group. Our research tested the differences between the PotN on preloading, preloading motivations and alcohol consuming behaviours in a popular night-time entertainment district (NED).
The sample comprised 1,585 young-adult patrons (934 Men, 651 Women; ages 18-27 years) collected in a cross-sectional design over three PotN. We measured the patron\'s preloading motivations, current alcohol intoxication and backloading intentions between three different phases of a night-out on Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights, from 9:00p.m. - 4:00 a.m. in Brisbane NEDs (Queensland, Australia).
The phases contributed to a difference in preloading rates - one that decreased over the night (p <.001). Between the phases, the motivation of \'saving money\' (≈45%) decreased as a reason for preloading and to \'socialise\' (≈20%) increased. Enhancement-based preloading motivations (i.e., \'enjoy the feeling\' and \'get drunk\') were related to increased alcohol intoxication and backloading intentions at different PotN. However, \'saving money\' motivations were also associated with a decrease in alcohol intoxication and backloading intentions (i.e., planning to return home to continue alcohol consumption).
Preloading is valued highly by patrons when proximal to the actual preloading. There is a difference between the PotN on preloading rates, preloading motivations, intentions to backload and drinking outcomes as patrons shift from preloading, to entering the NED, to eventually leaving.