这项研究调查了Formentera的Possidoniaoceanica草甸中紫外线过滤剂的存在和影响,地中海旅游热点。它突出了无机(TiO2和ZnO)和有机紫外线过滤剂(UVFs)在不同环境基质中的分布,它们在海草组织中的积累及其对海草健康的影响。在大洋单胞菌的上覆和冠层水域,Zn浓度超过Ti,与三个有机UVF(二苯甲酮-3[BP-3],阿伏苯宗和同态盐[HMS])一致检测到。根际沉积物中的Ti浓度通常高于Zn,随着辛炔的反复存在,HMS,2-乙基己基甲氧基肉桂酸酯(EHMC),和4-甲基亚苄基樟脑(4-MBC)。在冠层水域中发现了最大的锌浓度(3052.9ngL-1)。在所有研究地点的所有海参组织和叶附生植物中都发现了Ti和Zn。额外的UVFs,如辛炔,阿伏苯宗,和BP-8也被检测到在海洋假单胞菌组织和附生植物。在LaSavina港观察到叶附生植物(2112.1ngg-1dw)和叶附生植物(364.2ngg-1dw)和叶附生植物(199.6ngg-1dw)中的octocrylene水平升高,岛的主要入口端口。污水排放点附近的根际沉积物中的Octocrylene浓度(高达2575ngg-1dw)超过了报告的最大值,强调废水处理厂是有机UVFs的重要来源。相关分析表明,辛炔的积累,阿伏苯宗,和BP-3对海洋疟原虫的保护状况产生负面影响,影响全球密度,100%覆盖时的密度,和叶片形态测量。叶多酚(抗氧化剂)与阿伏苯宗浓度呈正相关,二苯甲酮-8(BP-8),和BP-3,表明UVFs在海参中引起潜在的氧化应激。我们的研究强调了紫外线过滤剂在海洋疟原虫栖息地的普遍存在,对海草的健康和保护有影响,特别是在旅游和污水排放高的地区。
This study investigates the presence and impact of UV filters in Posidonia oceanica meadows in Formentera, a Mediterranean tourist hotspot. It highlights the distribution of inorganic (TiO2 and ZnO) and organic UV filters (UVFs) in different environmental matrices, their accumulation in seagrass tissues and their impact on the seagrass health. In the overlying and canopy waters of P. oceanica, Zn concentrations surpassed Ti, with three organic UVFs (benzophenone-3 [BP-3], avobenzone and homosalate [HMS]) consistently detected. Ti concentrations were generally higher than Zn in rhizosphere sediments, along with recurrent presence of octocrylene, HMS, 2-ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC). Maximum Zn concentrations were found in canopy waters (3052.9 ng L-1). Both Ti and Zn were found in all P. oceanica tissues and leaf epiphytes across all study sites. Additional UVFs like octocrylene, avobenzone, and BP-8 were also detected in P. oceanica tissues and epiphytes. Elevated levels of octocrylene in leaf epiphytes (2112.1 ng g-1 dw) and avobenzone in leaves (364.2 ng g-1 dw) and leaf epiphytes (199.6 ng g-1 dw) were observed in the Port of La Savina, the island\'s main entry port. Octocrylene concentrations (up to 2575 ng g-1 dw) in rhizosphere sediments near sewage discharge points exceeded reported maxima, highlighting wastewater treatment plants as significant sources of organic UVFs. Correlational analyses suggested that the accumulation of octocrylene, avobenzone, and BP-3 negatively impacted P. oceanica\'s conservation status, affecting global density, density at 100 % cover, and leaf morphometry. Positive correlations were observed between leaf polyphenols (antioxidants) and concentrations of avobenzone, benzophenone-8 (BP-8), and BP-3, indicating potential oxidative stress induced by UVFs in P. oceanica. Our study underscores the pervasive presence of UV filters in P. oceanica habitats, with implications for seagrass health and conservation, especially in areas of high tourism and sewage discharge.