背景:载脂蛋白E(APOE)基因多态性与多种代谢紊乱的发病机制有关。包括2型糖尿病(T2DM)。2型糖尿病(T2DM)是全球范围内的主要公共卫生问题,包括在巴基斯坦。与T2DM相关的心血管问题对个人和社会都有重大影响。这项研究的目的是调查载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因型之间的关系,血脂异常,和心血管并发症,如缺血性心脏病(IHD)和中风。方法:本研究对260名受试者进行,分为对照组和糖尿病患者。糖尿病患者进一步分为四个亚组,例如D1:没有心血管问题的糖尿病患者,D2:患有心脏病的糖尿病患者,D3:中风的糖尿病患者,D4:患有心脏病和中风的糖尿病患者。人体测量参数(年龄,BMI)和危险因素(吸烟,糖尿病持续时间,高血压)在所有组中进行评估。血清TC水平,TG,LDL,HDL,VLDL,肌酐,BSF,和HbA1c也被测量。使用PCR-RFLP确定载脂蛋白E基因多态性。结果:高血压,BMI,血脂异常被定义为总胆固醇水平升高,甘油三酯,LDL,VLDL,和HDL水平降低。2型糖尿病患者未控制的高血糖(空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白升高)与IHD和卒中等血管并发症有关。高血压在79.3%的人口中普遍存在。2期高血压在所有年龄组中更为普遍。还注意到,巴基斯坦人口中的常见基因型是3/3、4/4、2/3和3/4。基因型3/4和2/3的频率在患有中风的糖尿病患者中最高。基因型3/3经常出现在患有IHD/中风的糖尿病患者和患有这两种并发症的患者中。然而,基因型4/4最常见于患有IHD的糖尿病患者。结论:BMI,高血压,高血糖症,动脉粥样硬化,血脂异常与2型糖尿病的心血管并发症有关。载脂蛋白E基因多态性通过影响血脂谱与糖尿病患者心血管疾病相关。
Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern worldwide, including in Pakistan. Cardiovascular problems linked with T2DM have a significant impact on individuals and society. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotypes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular complications such as ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. Methods: This study was carried out on 260 subjects divided into controls and diabetics. The diabetics were further divided into four subgroups such as D1: diabetics without cardiovascular issues, D2: diabetics with heart disease, D3: diabetics with stroke, and D4: diabetics with both heart disease and stroke. Anthropometric parameters (age, BMI) and risk factors (smoking, diabetes duration, hypertension) were assessed in all groups. Serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, HDL, VLDL, creatinine, BSF, and HbA1c were also measured. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism was determined using PCR-RFLP. Results: Hypertension, BMI, and dyslipidemia are defined as elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL, and decreased levels of HDL. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia (elevated fasting blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin) in T2DM was linked to vascular complications such as IHD and stroke. Hypertension was prevalent in 79.3% of the population. Stage 2 hypertension was more prevalent in all age groups. It was also noted that common genotypes in the Pakistani population are 3/3, 4/4, 2/3, and 3/4. The frequency of genotypes 3/4 and 2/3 is highest in diabetics with stroke. Genotype 3/3 is present frequently in diabetics with IHD/stroke and patients with both these complications. However, genotype 4/4 is most frequently found in diabetics with IHD. Conclusions: It is concluded that BMI, hypertension, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, and dyslipidemia are linked with cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism is associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes by affecting the lipid profile.