保持生物多样性增加了灵活性,不同生态系统与有利于所有生物的环境的相互作用和适应,包括人类。这种多样性可以通过不同的途径来维持,包括昆虫和植物之间的共同进化。这些独特的相互作用之一导致在伊朗生产“Mannas”,具有生物学和民族医学重要性。考虑到生物多样性的危机和物种的迅速灭绝,在这项研究中,我们旨在回顾有关甘露及其生物学的最新科学发现,医学和生物观点的考虑。直到2023年8月,WebofScience上的所有英文出版物,科学直接,PubMed,谷歌学者和Scopus,以及波斯数据库,如Magiran,Iranmedex,Medlib,使用各种搜索词对SID进行了调查,例如甘露,安加宾,甜分泌物和植物昆虫干扰。研究中包括研究植物甘露聚糖生产或提供寄主植物和产生甘露的昆虫的全面描述的文章。总的来说,在180多篇评论文章中,113篇文章符合纳入标准,7篇已知文献(Bidkhesht,Gaz-e-Alafi,Gaz-e-Khansār,Gaz-e-Shahdād,Shirkhesht,Shekartigāl,和Taranjebin)已经在这里解释了。这篇综述涉及昆虫与植物之间特殊相互作用的不同方面,这些相互作用导致了甘露的产生,并提出了甘露与药用的不同用途,民族植物学,健康,保护和生物观点。此外,考虑到甘露繁殖昆虫和寄主植物种群的变化,以及影响因素,包括其生长条件和气候条件的丧失,该地区的动物饲养,已经给出了不适当的开采方法和宿主偏好现象,这些现象增加了这些天然产物的破坏风险。这些甘露不能以任何方式生产,维持他们的生产条件需要环境保护和提供必要的培训。
Biodiversity keeping increases the flexibility, interaction and adaptation of different ecosystems with the environment which benefits all organisms, including humans. This diversity can be maintained through different paths including co-evolution between insects and plants. One of these unique interactions leads to the production of \"Mannas\" in Iran, which have biological and ethno-medicinal importance. Considering the crises of biodiversity and the rapid extinction of species, in this research, we aimed to review the latest scientific findings about mannas and their biological, medicinal and bio perspective considerations. Until August 2023, all English publications in Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, as well as Persian databases such as Magiran, Iranmedex, Medlib, SID were surveyed using various search terms such as manna, angabin, sweet secretions and plant-insect interference. Articles that studied manna production from plants or provided a comprehensive description of host plants and manna producing insects were included in the study. In total, out of more than 180 reviewed articles, 113 articles met the inclusion criteria and 7 known mannas (Bidkhesht, Gaz-e-Alafi, Gaz-e-Khansār, Gaz-e-Shahdād, Shirkhesht, Shekartigāl, and Taranjebin) have been explained here. This review deals with different aspects of special interactions between insects and plants that lead to the production of manna and presents different uses of manna from medicinal, ethnobotanical, health, conservation and bio perspective points of view. In addition, the changes in the population of manna-breeding insects and host plants are taken into consideration and influencing factors including loss of their growth conditions and climatic conditions, animal breeding in the region, inappropriate exploitation methods and host preference phenomenon which increase the risk of destruction of these natural products have been given. These mannas cannot be produced in any way, and maintaining their production conditions requires environmental care and providing necessary training.