目的这项回顾性研究旨在建立瞳孔大小的标准值,anglekappa,高阶像差,和散光类型主要在犹他州的白种人中,美国,利用NIDEKOPD-ScanIII系统(Gamagori,日本)。方法本研究包括716例患者(1432只眼),根据球形等效性和年龄进行分组。在中视和明视条件下进行测量。统计分析涉及皮尔逊相关性和使用广义估计方程的线性回归。NIDEKOPD-ScanIII测量了中视和明视瞳孔的大小和角度κ。然后根据屈光度(D)的球面等效性和数十年的年龄对受试者进行分组。定义了球形等效组:>-6D,-5.99至-3D,-2.99至-0.25D,-0.24至0.24D,和>0.25D(范围0.25-5.75D)。高阶像差组基于就诊原因:激光辅助原位角膜磨镶术,屈光性角膜切除术,和小切口微透镜摘除为一组;白内障评估;和圆锥角膜。散光测量被分组为规则(WRT),违反规定(ATR),和斜散光,进一步分为年轻队列(20-40岁)和老年队列(>65岁)。结果在716名参与者中,49.2%为男性;平均年龄为42.1±15.5(范围7-88岁)。近视眼的平均球面当量为-3.28±2.34D,远视眼为1.51±1.46D。平均中视瞳孔大小为5.68±1.09mm;明视瞳孔大小为4.65±1.09mm。皮尔逊瞳孔大小与年龄的相关系数为-0.551,明视瞳孔为-0.42(p<0.001);球面与中视瞳孔大小的相关系数为-0.200,明视瞳孔为-0.173(p<0.001)。对中视瞳孔大小与年龄的回归分析显示,年龄每增加十年,平均瞳孔大小减少0.39mm。明视瞳孔每十年减少0.25毫米。对中视瞳孔大小与球体的回归分析显示,球体每增加3D,平均瞳孔大小减少0.22mm。明视瞳孔的球面三维增加0.16mm。平均中观角κ为0.33±0.15mm;明视角κ为0.31±0.15mm。皮尔逊近视角卡帕与球面等效性的相关系数为0.32,明视角卡帕为0.296(两者p<0.001)。中观角度卡帕与球面等效性的回归分析表明,球面等效性每增加3D,角度卡帕增加0.051mm,和0.048mm增加的适光角度卡帕(p<0.001)。在高阶像差组中,圆锥角膜组表现出最高水平。就散光类型而言,WRT散光在年轻人群中最常见,而ATR散光在老年队列中最为普遍。结论这项研究的结果揭示了瞳孔大小和年龄增长之间的显著关联。以及瞳孔大小和越来越多的正屈光不正之间。这些发现对老年患者和远视患者具有特别的临床意义,因为他们接受光消融角膜屈光手术或多焦点人工晶状体植入。理解瞳孔大小的既定标准值,anglekappa,高阶像差,和散光类型可以帮助临床医生做出更明智的决定并改善患者预后。
Purpose This retrospective study aims to establish normative values for pupil size, angle kappa, higher-order aberration, and astigmatism type in a largely Caucasian population in Utah, United States, utilizing the NIDEK OPD-Scan III system (Gamagori, Japan). Methods This study included 716 patients (1432 eyes) grouped based on spherical equivalence and age. Measurements were conducted under mesopic and
photopic conditions. Statistical analysis involved Pearson\'s correlation and linear regression using the generalized estimating equation. NIDEK OPD-Scan III measured mesopic and
photopic pupil size and angle kappa. The subjects were then grouped based on their spherical equivalence in diopters (D) and age in decades. The spherical equivalence groups were defined: >-6 D, -5.99 to -3 D, -2.99 to -0.25 D, -0.24 to 0.24 D, and >0.25 D (range 0.25-5.75 D). The higher-order aberration groups were based on the reason for the visit: laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, photorefractive keratectomy, and small incision lenticule extraction as one group; cataract evaluation; and keratoconus. Astigmatism measurements were grouped into with-the-rule (WRT), against-the-rule (ATR), and oblique astigmatism, with further subgrouping into a young cohort (20-40 years) and an old cohort (>65 years). Results Among 716 participants, 49.2% were men; the mean age was 42.1±15.5 (range 7-88 years). The average spherical equivalence for myopia eyes was -3.28±2.34 D, and 1.51±1.46 D for hyperopia eyes. The mean mesopic pupil size was 5.68 ± 1.09 mm; the
photopic pupil size was 4.65±1.09 mm. Pearson\'s correlation coefficient for mesopic pupil size versus age was -0.551, and -0.42 for photopic pupil (p < 0.001); sphere vs mesopic pupil size was -0.200, and -0.173 for
photopic pupil (p < 0.001). The regression analysis for mesopic pupil size versus age revealed a 0.39 mm decrease in average pupil size per decade increase in age, and 0.25 mm decrease per decade for photopic pupil. The regression analysis for mesopic pupil size versus sphere revealed a 0.22 mm decrease in average pupil size per 3D increase in sphere, and a 0.16 mm decrease 3 D increase in sphere for the photopic pupil. The mean mesopic angle kappa was 0.33 ± 0.15 mm;
photopic angle kappa was 0.31±0.15 mm. Pearson\'s correlation coefficient for mesopic angle kappa vs spherical equivalence was 0.32, and 0.296 for photopic angle kappa (p <0.001 for both). Regression analysis for mesopic angle kappa vs spherical equivalence demonstrated a 0.051 mm increase in angle kappa per 3 D increase in spherical equivalence, and a 0.048 mm increase for photopic angle kappa (p < 0.001 for both). Among the higher-order aberration groups, the keratoconus group exhibited the highest levels. In terms of astigmatism type, WRT astigmatism was the most common in the young cohort, while ATR astigmatism was most prevalent in the older cohort. Conclusions The results of this study reveal significant associations between pupil size and increasing age, as well as between pupil size and increasingly positive refractive errors. These findings hold particular clinical relevance to older patients and individuals with hyperopia, as they undergo photoablative corneal refractive surgery or multifocal intraocular lens implantation. Understanding the established normative values for pupil size, angle kappa, higher-order aberration, and astigmatism type can aid clinicians in making more informed decisions and improving patient outcomes.