这项工作主要侧重于评估流经印度首都的多年生亚穆纳河(YR)中有机微污染物(OMPs)的患病率,德里。16次抽样活动(非季风,n=9;组织季风n=7)以了解季节变化,特别强调季风。我们在季风中发现了55种OMP;而在非季风中发现了47种。在亚穆纳河污染最严重的地区,有57项筛选和量化的OMP包括药物活性化合物,杀虫剂,内分泌干扰物,邻苯二甲酸酯,个人护理产品,脂肪酸,食品添加剂,荷尔蒙,以及医院废物中存在的微量有机物。在季风月份,浓度超过50μg/L的化合物为:腺嘌呤(64.6μg/L),邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(62.9μg/L),和八甲基三硅氧烷(56.9μg/L);非季风月份的情况相同,仅1-十二烷硫醇(52.3μg/L)。非季风月份OMP的平均浓度表明PhAC>PCP>农药>脂肪酸>医院废物>激素>农药>EDCs。在季风月份,由于地表径流和大量未经处理的废水排放,几乎没有检测到更多的OMPs浓度,其中主要包括PhACs(氯纤酸,双氯芬酸钠,吉非贝齐,酮洛芬),杀虫剂(艾氏剂,metribuzin,阿特拉津,simazine)。由于季风月份的稀释效应,3-乙酰氨基-5-溴苯甲酸(PhACs)的平均浓度从45.22μg/L降低到14.07μg/L,而一些EDC,如2,4-二叔戊基苯酚,3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲醇,三苯基膦氧化物,在季风月份发现二苯甲酮的浓度要高得多。在季风月份检测到八甲基三硅氧烷(PCPs)的浓度高50倍。有趣的是,季风样品中约50%的OMP浓度高于非季风样品,这与季风诱导的稀释降低OMP浓度的一般理解相反。在RY水中双氯芬酸钠含量较高,布洛芬,酮洛芬,并且在欧洲和北美的河流中发现了氯纤酸。发现RY水中的雌三醇和雌酮等激素比美国河流中报道的最大浓度高70至100倍。最后,从多变量分析中可以明显看出,各种OMP对季风季节的反应不同。
This work primarily emphases on evaluating the prevalence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the perennial Yamuna River (YR) that flow through the national capital of India, Delhi. Sixteen sampling campaigns (non-monsoon, n = 9; monsoon n = 7) were organized to understand the seasonal variations with special emphasis on monsoon. We have found fifty-five OMPs in the monsoon; while forty-seven were detected in non-monsoon. Fifty-seven screened and quantified OMPs in the most polluted stretch of River Yamuna included the pharmaceutically active compounds, pesticides, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, phthalates, personal care products, fatty acids, food additives, hormones, and trace organics present in hospital wastes. During monsoon months, compounds for which concentrations exceeded 50 μg/L were: adenine (64.6 μg/L), diethyl phthalate (62.9 μg/L), and octamethyltrisiloxane (56.9 μg/L); and the same for non-monsoon months was only for 1-dodecanethiol (52.3 μg/L). The average concentration of OMPs in non-monsoon months indicate PhACs>PCPs>Pesticides>Fatty acids>Hospital waste>Hormones>Pesticides>EDCs. In monsoon months due to surface runoff and high volume of untreated wastewater discharges few more OMPs concentrations were detected which mainly includes PhACs (clofibric acid, diclofenac sodium, gemfibrozil, ketoprofen), pesticides (aldrin, metribuzin, atrazine, simazine). Due to dilution effect in the monsoon months, average concentrations of 3-acetamido-5-bromobenzoic acid (PhACs) was reduced from 45.22 μg/L to 14.07 μg/L, whereas some EDCs such as 2,4- Di-tert-amylphenol, 3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, Triphenylphosphine oxide, Benzophenone were found in much higher concentrations in the monsoon months. Octamethyltrisiloxane (PCPs) was detected 50 times higher in concentration in the monsoon months. Interestingly, the concentration of about 50 % of the OMPs was more in the monsoon samples than in non-monsoon samples which is contrary to the general understanding that monsoon-induced dilution lowers the concentrations of OMPs. In RY water higher magnitude of diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and clofibric acid was found than Europe and North America rivers. Hormones such as estriol and estrone in RY water are found 70 to 100 times higher than the maximum reported concentrations in the US streams. Finally, various OMPs responded differently to the monsoon season as evident from multivariate analyses.